Me ke nufin N Type Semiconductor?

Me ke N Type Semiconductor?

N Type Semiconductor Definition

N type semiconductor yana nufin wata na tsohon semiconductor da aka kare da impurities masu pentavalent don zama shi da kyau a gane ta da haka ta zama da electrons mai zurfi.

Amsa muka samun cewa me ke n type semiconductor, ya kamata a yi fahimta game da ilimi na atom. Atoms suna son eight electrons a orbitar da suke, wanda ake kira valence electrons. Ba duka atoms ba su sami wannan, amma duk suna so in samu wannan gyara na ciyawa.

Electrons a orbitar da suke na atom suna kira valence electrons. Idan orbitar da suke na atom ba suka da eight electrons, akwai vacancies da suka zama saboda lack of electrons a orbit. Wannan vacancies suna da yawan da suke don samun electrons don zama eight electrons a orbitar da suke na atom.

Semiconductors masu yawan amfani sun hada da silicon da germanium. Silicon tana da 14 electrons an tsakiyar da 2, 8, 4, idan kuma germanium tana da 32 electrons an tsakiyar da 2, 8, 18, 4. Duk semiconductors suna da four electrons a orbitar da suke, wanda ke bayar da vacancies da suka zama four more electrons.

Duk da four valence electrons a silicon ko germanium take bincike covalent bond da neighboring atoms, wanda take fill the vacancies. Ideally, duk valence electrons a semiconductor crystal suna da shiga a covalent bonds, saboda haka ba za a iya kasance da free electrons a crystal.

Amma wannan bai zama dalilin da ita ce. A absolute 0o Kelvin ba za a iya kasance da free electron a crystal, amma lokacin da temperature ya zama daga absolute zero zuwa room temperature, numbers of valence electrons a bonds suna thermal excitation da suka fito daga bond da suka generate a number of free electrons a crystal. Wannan free electrons suna cause the conductivity of the semiconductor materials a any temperature higher than absolute zero.

Yana da hanyar da ya fi inganta conductivity of semiconductors a any temperature greater than absolute zero. Wannan hanyar ana kiran doping. A wannan hanyar pure or intrinsic semiconductor tana dope da pentavalent impurities like antimony, arsenic and phosphorus. Wannan impurity atoms suna replace some of the semiconductor atoms a crystal da suka occupy their positions. Saboda impurity atoms suna da five valence electrons a orbitar da suke 4 of them will create the covalent bond da four adjacent semiconductor atoms.

One valance electron of impurity atom ba sa da chance don involve in covalent bonding kuma tana zama more loosely bounded with parent impurity atom. A room temperature, these loosely attached fifth valence electrons of impurity atoms can come out from its position due to thermal excitation.

Saboda wannan phenomenon, za a iya kasance da considerable number of free electrons, amma har zuwa haka akwai breakdowns of covalent bonds a crystal due to thermal excitation a room temperature. The free electrons in addition to free electrons created due to the breakdown of a semiconductor to semiconductor and semiconductor to impurities covalent bonds cause the total of free electrons a crystal.

Idan ba a lura free electron during the breakdown of a semiconductor to semiconductor covalent bond, za a iya samun vacancy a broken bond. Wannan vacancies suna kira holes. Each of these holes is considered as a positive equivalent of a negative electron as it gets created due to lack of one electron. Here electrons are main mobile charge carriers. In an n-type semiconductor there will be both free electrons and holes.

Amma number of holes yana da damu da that of electrons saboda holes are created only due to the breakdown of the semiconductor to semiconductor covalent bond whereas free electrons are created both due to loosely bounded non-bonded fifth valence electron of impurity atoms and breakdown of the semiconductor to semiconductor covalent bonds.

Hence, number of free electrons >> number of holes in n-type semiconductor.That is why free electrons are called majority carriers, and holes are called minority carriers in the n-type semiconductor. As the negatively charged electrons mainly involve in charge transferring through this semiconductor, it is referred to as negative type or n-type semiconductor. Although there are plenty of free electrons a crystal, still it is electrically neutral as the total number of protons and the total number of electrons are equal.