Me kwanen shi da aka yi aiki a cikin masana'antar taurari? What is an Electrical Conductors? Me kwanen shi da aka yi aiki a cikin masana'antar taurari?
Mai suna Electrical Conductors?
Takaitaccen Electrical Conductor
Electrical conductor shine mutanen da yake iya koyar da yanayin electric charge domin hakan da yadda electrons ke yi lafiya.
Electrical conductor shine mutanen ko abu da yake iya koyar da yanayin charge a cikin tsofaffi na daya ko bili. Mutanen mai sarrafa metal su ne electrical conductors masu karfin koyar da yanayin charge da kuma kalmomin resistance da yawa.
Electrical conductors suna iya koyar da electrons su duka zuwa bayanan atoms a drift velocity wajen conduction band, energy level mai ma'ana wanda yake iya koyar da lafiyar electrons free. Wadannan conductors suna da atoms da valence electrons mai tsawon sakamako wanda za a iya excite saboda electric ko thermal effect. Yanayin electron daga valence band zuwa conduction band yana bi positive hole, wanda yake take koyar da yanayin charge.
Electrical conductors zai iya kasance metals, metal alloys, electrolytes, ko wasu non-metals kamar graphite da conductive polymers. Wadannan mutanen suna iya koyar da electricity (ya'ni, yanayin charge) zuwa su da lafiya.
Conductor Conduct Current
Current a cikin conductor ya nufin rate da yanayin charge ke yi zuwa cross-section, proportional directly da electric field da kuma conductance da conductor ya shiga. Wannan electric field ya faru daga voltage difference a cikin conductor, inda conductance ta nuna lafiyar da material yake iya koyar da yanayin charge.
Idan potential difference an yi a cikin conductor, electrons a cikin conduction band ke samu energy da suka bazu zuwa terminal mai tsawo daga terminal mai sauƙi na voltage source. Yawan current yana da gaba a matsayin yawan electron flow, saboda current an nuna muke yanayin positive charge. Electrons suna karkashin atoms da wasu electrons a cikin conductor, wanda yake yana ba resistance da heat generation. Resistance shine measure game da yadda material yake iya ciyan yanayin charge zuwa shi.
Current a cikin conductor yana da muhimmanci ga wasu abubuwa, kamar:
Potential difference a cikin conductor
Length da cross-sectional area da conductor
Temperature da composition da material
Presence of impurities ko defects a cikin material
Abubuwan Electrical Conductors
Sun da conductance mai yawa da resistance mai yau
Sun da many free electrons a cikin conduction band
Ba sun da energy gap a cikin valence band da conduction band
Sun da metallic bonds wanda suka form lattice da positive ions surrounded by an electron cloud
Sun da zero electric fields da zero charge density a cikin su
Sun da free charges only a surface
Sun da electric field perpendicular to their surface
Types of Conductors
Ohmic Conductors
Ohmic conductors shine mutanen da suke tabbatar da Ohm’s law zuwa any potential difference da temperature. Suna da linear relationship bayan voltage da current, wanda yake nuna cewa resistance suke daɗi. Most metals su ne ohmic conductors a normal conditions.
Non-Ohmic Conductors
Non-ohmic conductors shine mutanen da ba su tabbatar da Ohm’s law zuwa any potential difference ko temperature. Suna da nonlinear relationship bayan voltage da current, wanda yake nuna cewa resistance suke varies with the applied voltage. Non-ohmic conductors zai iya show negative resistance, idan current yake ciye a lokacin da voltage yake zama, ko positive resistance, idan current yake zama a lokacin da voltage yake zama, amma ba proportional. Wasu non-ohmic conductors zai iya da threshold voltage, inda current ba zama idan voltage yake ciye min.
Solid Conductors
Solid conductors shine mutanen da suke da shape da volume mai yawa. Su zai iya divide don in metallic da non-metallic conductors.
Metallic conductors: Wadannan shine metals ko metal alloys da suke da high conductivity da low resistivity. Suna da lattice structure da positive ions surrounded by a sea of free electrons. Wasu examples da metallic conductors su ne silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, brass, bronze, etc.
Non-metallic conductors: Wadannan shine non-metals da suke da some free electrons ko ions a cikin structure su. Suna da lower conductivity da higher resistivity than metals. Wasu examples da non-metallic conductors su ne graphite, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.
Liquid Conductors
Liquid conductors: shine mutanen da suke da shape mai yawa amma volume mai yawa. Su zai iya divide don in metallic da non-metallic conductors.
Metallic conductors: Wadannan shine metals da suke a liquid state a room temperature ko idan an sanya. Suna da high conductivity da low resistivity. Suna da similar structure zuwa solid metals amma da more interatomic spacing da mobility. Example of a metallic liquid conductor shine mercury.
Non-metallic conductors: Wadannan shine liquids da suke da dissolved ions ko molecules da suke carry charge. Suna da lower conductivity da higher resistivity than metals. Suna da structure da polar ko ionic solutes a solvent. Wasu examples da non-metallic liquid conductors su ne salt water, acid solutions, electrolytes, etc.
Factors Affecting the Conductivity of Electrical Conductors
Conductivity of an electrical conductor yana da muhimmanci ga wasu abubuwa, kamar:
The type and number of free charge carriers: The more free electrons or ions in a material, the higher its conductivity and lower its resistivity.
The size and shape of the conductor: The longer and thinner a conductor is, the lower its conductivity and the higher its resistivity.
The temperature of the conductor: The higher the temperature of a conductor is, the lower its conductivity and the higher its resistivity. This is because the thermal agitation of atoms and electrons increases the collisions and reduces the mobility of charge carriers.
The presence of impurities or defects in the conductor: The more impurities or defects in a conductor, the lower its conductivity and the higher its resistivity. This is because the impurities or defects act as scattering centers for charge carriers and reduce their mean free path.
The frequency of the applied electric field: The higher the frequency of the applied electric field is, the lower the conductivity and higher the reactance of a conductor. This is because, at high frequencies, the charge carriers cannot follow the rapid changes in the electric field and create an opposing magnetic field.
Applications of Electrical Conductors
Electrical conductors suna amfani a kan tsohon scientific da engineering fields. Wasu notable applications include:
Electrical wiring: Electrical wires are made of copper or aluminum conductors that carry electric current from power sources to loads. They are coated with insulating materials to prevent short circuits and electric shocks.
Electrical circuits: Electrical circuits are networks of electrical components that perform specific functions using electric current. They are made of various types of conductors, such as wires, resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, etc.
Electrical machines: Electrical machines are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa using electric current and magnetic fields. They are made of various types of conductors, such as coils, windings, rotors, stators, armatures, etc.
Electrical sensors: Electrical sensors are devices that detect physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, light, sound, etc., and convert them into electrical signals. They are made of various types of conductors, such as electrodes, wires, coils, resistors, capacitors, etc. Some examples of electrical sensors are thermocouples, photodiodes, LDRs, piezoelectric sensors, etc.
Conclusion
Electrical conductors suna da muhimmanci a kan many applications wanda suke involve electric current da electric fields. Suna da types, properties, da factors wadanda suke affect conductivity su. Suna da amfani a kan making various types of electrical sensors wanda suke detect da measure physical phenomena. Electrical conductors suna ci gaba da new technologies da innovations don in meet the demands of various industries and fields.
