Kananan Da Ya Gane Ingancin Karkashin Meter na Noma

A hanyar da tattalin kimiyya, yawancin alatun da suka fi yadda ake amfani da su a cikin kontrolin ingantaccen da kuma yankunan rayuwar. A wanda haka, abubuwan da ke so da inganci na alatun suna zama da damar mafi yawa, kuma iya gina alatun ba ta musamman. An bayyana abubuwan da ke so da inganci na iya gina alatun a cikin takardun fanni mai zaman lafiya.

Takardun da suka bayyana cewa wasan iya gina alatun ya kamata za a duba shekaru dasu daban-daban, wanda yake taimaka waɗannan muhimmiyar a kan ci gaba a tashar tattalin kimiyya. Tsarin da ake magance da shi in yi abin da aka sanya a kan lokacin da aka sanya, tare da tsari mai yawan da ita, ana nufin Maitasuna da Dukkan Farkon (MTBF), ko kuma tsari mai yawan da ita. MTBF ce babban bincike da ake amfani da shi don cinza inganci. Manufar da ake bukatar da tattalin kimiyya shine in sauki tsari mai yawan da ita na binciken da ita da kuma tabbatar da adadin daidai.

1. Tashar Ingancin Alatun

Tashar Ingancin Giniyar Iya Gina Alatun

Daga bincike masana'antar sayansu, 70% na fadada cikin tattalin kimiyya sun ji da giniyan. Saboda haka, in sanar da yadda ake amfani da giniyan ya kunshi muhimmanci ga yadda ake yi aiki da adalci a cikin tashar da duka. Idan an yi giniyan daga giniyar gwamnati, tashar ingancin giniyan yana haɗa da tsayi da kuma ingancin fadada jiki.

2. Tashar Giniyar Iya Gina Alatun

Yadda ake yi tashar giniyan yana taimaka wajen inganta ingancin alatun. Tashar da zai iya kawo kusa da fadada cikin alam da kuma inganta fadada da take samu a cikin alatun. Za a duba abubuwan da biyu don inganta ingancin alatun:

Giniyar Digitallonsa da Giniyar Analogonsa Saboda yadda ake faruwa digitallonsa, koyar da ke faruwa a cikin alatun digitallonsa suna samun tsayi. Saboda haka, giniyar analogonsa da giniyar digitallonsa ya kamata a yi da mutane a kan tattalin kimiyya, kuma a duba da shi da kiyaye da koyar da ke faruwa. Ana neman shi ne in a kudace fadada giniyar digitallonsa da kuma fadada analogonsa. Idan akwai shiga da kyau a cikin tashar, wannan fadada ya zama da muhimmanci da yawa.

Giniyar Kiyayensa da Giniyar Dubbi Da koyar da ke faruwa a cikin tashar da yawan da ita, ake yi tashar giniyar da kiyayensa da kuma giniyar dubbi. Giniyar kiyayensa na nufin in a duba alamatun da ke faruwa daga kiyayensa, saboda haka koyar da ke faruwa suna samun tsayi. Yadda ake yi giniyar dubbi na nufin in a duba alamatun da ke faruwa daga kiyayensa, saboda haka koyar da ke faruwa suna samun tsayi. Idan akwai shiga da kyau a cikin tashar, ake amfani da giniyar dubbi don inganta fadada giniyar.

Giniyar kiyayensa na nufin in a duba alamatun da ke faruwa daga kiyayensa, saboda haka koyar da ke faruwa suna samun tsayi. Yadda ake yi giniyar dubbi na nufin in a duba alamatun da ke faruwa daga kiyayensa, saboda haka koyar da ke faruwa suna samun tsayi. Idan akwai shiga da kyau a cikin tashar, ake amfani da giniyar dubbi don inganta fadada giniyar.

3. Tashar Ingancin Iya Gina Alatun

Muhimman manufar da ake bukatar da tashar ingancin iya gina alatun shine in a kawo kusa da fadada da ke faruwa daga alatun da ke amfani da shi. Yadda ake yi tashar ingancin iya gina alatun yana neman shi ne in a kawo kusa da fadada da ke faruwa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su sun hada da: transformer, opto-isolation, relay, isolation amplifiers, da kuma layout isolation.

• Transformer Isolation Pulse transformers, featuring few turns, small distributed capacitance (only a few picofarads), and primary/secondary windings wound on opposite sides of the core, can serve as isolation components for pulse signals, achieving digital signal isolation.

• Opto-Isolation Adding an optocoupler can suppress spike pulses and various noise interference. Using opto-isolation ensures no electrical interaction between the host computer system and the power meter's communication port, improving system anti-interference performance. Optocouplers can isolate digital signals but are not suitable for analog signals. Common methods for isolating analog signals include: A. Voltage-to-frequency conversion followed by opto-isolation, which results in complex circuits; B. Differential amplifiers, which offer lower isolation voltage; C. Isolation amplifiers, which perform well but are expensive. 

• Relay Isolation Since there is no electrical connection between a relay's coil and contacts, the coil can receive signals while the contacts transmit them, effectively solving the problem of strong and weak electrical signals interacting and achieving interference isolation.

• Layout Isolation Achieving isolation through PCB layout, primarily separating strong and weak electrical circuits.

4. Tashar Ingancin Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Don Iya Gina Alatun

Printed circuit board yana haɗa da alatun da ke amfani da shi. Yadda ake yi tashar PCB yana taimaka wajen inganta ingancin alatun. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin tashar PCB sun hada da:

• Place crystal oscillators as close as possible to the central processing unit (CPU) pins. Ground and secure their metal cases, then isolate the clock area with a ground wire—this method prevents many difficult problems;

• Use lower frequency crystals for the CPU and keep digital circuits as slow as possible, provided system performance requirements are met;

• Unused CPU input/output ports should not be left floating; they should be connected to system power or ground, and the same applies to other chips;

• Minimize the length of traces between high-frequency components. Keep input and output functional components far apart, and do not place interference-prone components too close together;

• Avoid current loops in low-frequency and weak-signal circuits. If unavoidable, minimize loop area to reduce induced noise;

• Avoid 90-degree bends in system wiring to prevent high-frequency noise emission;

• Input and output lines in the system should avoid running parallel. Add a ground line between two conductors to effectively prevent reactive coupling.

5. Tashar Ingancin Software

5.1 Tashar Ingancin Digital Filtering Don Iya Gina Alatun 

Yanzu, akwai abubuwan da suka amfani da su a cikin tattalin kimiyya. Prosesor mai tsarki yana amfani da SPI ko UART don tabbatar da abubuwan da suka amfani da su. Idan bus ta samu fadada ko chip ta yi aiki da fadada, procesor mai tsarki zai sami bayanan da ba su daidai ba.

Saboda haka, tashar ingancin software yana neman muhimmanci. Don abubuwan da suka amfani da su, za a yi tashar ingancin software. Misali, za a yi tashar ingancin bayanan da suka amfani da su, kuma za a yi tashar ingancin energy. Yadda ake yi tashar ingancin software yana taimaka wajen inganta ingancin bayanan da suka amfani da su.

5.2 Tashar Ingancin Data Redundancy Don Iya Gina Alatun

Don inganta ingancin alatun, za a amfani da tashar ingancin data redundancy. Idan wata set ta samu fadada, za a amfani da wata set din. Don inganta ingancin data, za a haɓaka abubuwan da suka amfani da su a wurare da yawa.

5.3 Tashar Ingancin Data Verification and Operation Redundancy Don Iya Gina Alatun

Idan procesor mai tsarki yana rubuta bayanan da suka amfani da su, fadada ya kamata zai faru. Don inganta ingancin data, za a yi tashar checksum, kuma za a rubuta bayanan da suka amfani da su. Ba da haka, za a karanta bayanan da suka amfani da su, kuma za a tsara bayanan da suka amfani da su. Idan bayanan da suka amfani da su ba su daidai, za a yi tashar checksum da kuma rubutu mara.