Effekta da Seebeck: Yadda farkon hawa yana gina kashi

A Seebeck effect ita ce wani matsala mai kare da tushen faren hawa da suka zama voltage mai tsarki da na'ura. Ana sanya ta da sunan Thomas Johann Seebeck, wanda ya samu shi a shekarar 1821. An yi Seebeck effect a kan thermocouples, thermoelectric generators, da spin caloritronics.

Me ke Seebeck Effect?

Ake bayyana Seebeck effect daidai a matsayin samun electric potential (ko voltage) daga biyu na conductors ko semiconductors da ake gudana a cikin wasu lobi da ake saukar da wahalar faren hawa a kan juna-junan su. Ake ba da voltage proportional don wahalar faren hawa, kuma yana nufin da ake amfani da materialon.

Misali, thermocouple ita ce wurare da ake amfani da Seebeck effect don koyar faren hawa. Yana gudana ne daga biyu na wires made of different metals (misali copper da iron) da ake gudana a duk baka. Wata babban ya fi fara da hot source (misali flame) kuma wata maza ya fi fara da cold (misali ice water). Wahalar faren hawa daga baka-bakan ya samu voltage across the wires, wanda ake iya koyar da voltmeter.

Ina iya amfani da Seebeck effect don samun electricity daga waste heat. Thermoelectric generator ita ce wurare da take gudana da many thermocouples connected in series or parallel. Hot side of the thermocouples ya fi fara da heat source (misali engine ko furnace) kuma cold side ya fi fara da heat sink (misali air ko water). Wahalar faren hawa daga baka-bakan ya samu voltage wanda ake iya power an electric load (misali light bulb ko fan).

Yadda Seebeck Effect Ya Yi Aiki

Ake bayyana Seebeck effect daidai a matsayin yadda electrons ake yi a conductors and semiconductors. Electrons ita ce particles mai haske wadanda suke yi aiki a kan materials. Idan conductor ko semiconductor ya fara, electrons ake samu ziyarta da suke yi aiki masu kiwanci. Wannan ya ci abin da suke yi aiki daga hot region zuwa cold region, wanda ya samu electric current.

Amma, materials daɗe ne da adadin da types of electrons available for conduction. Materials daɗe ne da electrons masu ziyarta, kuma daɗe ne da electrons da suke da spin orientations. Spin ita ce quantum property of electrons wadanda suke yi aiki a matsayin tiny magnets. Idan biyu na materials da farko na electron characteristics su gudana, suka yi interface inda electrons suke yi energy and spin exchange.

Seebeck effect ana faru idan biyu na interfaces suka sauka da wahalar faren hawa. Electrons a hot interface ya samu ziyarta da spin daga heat source kuma suka bayar da su zuwa electrons a cold interface through the loop. Wannan ya ci imbalancement of charge and spin between the interfaces, wanda ya samu electric potential and magnetic field. Electric potential drives an electric current through the loop, while the magnetic field deflects a compass needle placed near it.

Akwai Fara da Seebeck Effect?

Seebeck effect yana da afarai a science, engineering, and technology. Duk waɗannan:

• Thermocouples: Waɗannan ita ce devices da ake amfani da Seebeck effect don koyar faren hawa da high accuracy and sensitivity. Suna da amfani a industries, laboratories, and households don many purposes, such as controlling ovens, monitoring engines, measuring body temperature, etc.

• Thermoelectric generators: Waɗannan ita ce devices da ake amfani da Seebeck effect don convert waste heat into electricity for special applications, such as powering spacecraft, remote sensors, medical implants, etc.

• Spin caloritronics: This is a branch of physics that studies how heat and spin interact in magnetic materials. The Seebeck effect plays an important role in this field, as it can create spin currents and voltages from temperature gradients. This can lead to novel devices for information processing and storage, such as spin batteries, spin transistors, spin valves, etc.

Amsa da Iya Da Seebeck Effect?

Seebeck effect yana da amsa da iya da suke tabbatar da performance and efficiency. Duk waɗannan:

• Amsa: Seebeck effect ita ce simple, reliable, and versatile. Ba a buƙaci moving parts ko external power sources. It can operate over a wide range of temperatures and materials. It can generate electricity from low-grade heat sources that would otherwise be wasted.

• Iya: Seebeck effect ita iya da availability and compatibility of materials. It requires materials with high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity to achieve high voltage and low heat loss. It also requires materials with different Seebeck coefficients to create a voltage difference. Seebeck coefficient ita ce property wanda ake koyar da how much voltage is generated per unit temperature difference for a given material. Seebeck coefficient depends on the type and concentration of charge carriers, their energy levels, and their interactions with the lattice. Seebeck coefficient can vary with temperature, composition, and magnetic field. Finding materials with high and stable Seebeck coefficients is a challenge for thermoelectric applications.

Duk Masu Amfani da Seebeck Effect?

Masu amfani da Seebeck effect suka girma da metals, semiconductors, and superconductors.

• Metals: Metals ita ce good conductors of both electricity and heat. Suna da low Seebeck coefficients and high thermal conductivity, which makes them inefficient for thermoelectric applications. Amma, metals suna da fabricate and connect, and they have high mechanical strength and stability. Metals suna da amfani a thermocouples, where accuracy and durability are more important than efficiency. Some examples of metal pairs used for thermocouples are copper-constantan, iron-constantan, chromel-alumel, etc.

• Semiconductors: Semiconductors ita ce materials da take da intermediate electrical conductivity that can be controlled by doping or applying an electric field. Suna da higher Seebeck coefficients and lower thermal conductivity than metals, which makes them more suitable for thermoelectric applications. Amma, semiconductors suna da difficult to fabricate and connect, and they have lower mechanical strength and stability than metals. Semiconductors suna da amfani a thermoelectric generators and coolers, where efficiency and performance are more important than accuracy and durability. Some examples of semiconductor pairs used for thermoelectric devices are bismuth telluride-antimony telluride, lead telluride-silicon germanium, etc.

• Superconductors: Superconductors ita ce materials da take da zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature. Suna da very high Seebeck coefficients and very low thermal conductivity, which makes them ideal for thermoelectric applications. Amma, superconductors suna da rare and expensive, and they require very low temperatures to operate, which limits their practical use. Superconductors suna da amfani a research purposes, such as studying the spin Seebeck effect, which is a phenomenon that involves the generation of a spin voltage from a temperature gradient in a magnetic material.

Kashe

Seebeck effect ita ce fascinating phenomenon wanda take convert temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It has many applications in science, engineering, and technology, such as thermocouples, thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric coolers, and spin caloritronics. Seebeck effect depends on the materials used, their electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient. Finding materials with high and stable Seebeck coefficients is a challenge for improving the efficiency and performance of thermoelectric devices.

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