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Fotovoltaik (PV) Elektrayin Cistemyerov Sostacvacnery u Harkacvelucner

Fotovoltaik (PV) elektrayin cistemy erkaroxakan socemocnum en PV modulyeri, kontroller, inverter, bataryeri u bazmapatker (bataryeri ashxatelucacqin arajin xumbenakan cistemnerum). PV cistemneri toxer@ voronqayin toxeri mej naxorakic kataran, ashxatelucacqin arajin xumbenakan u xumbenakan. Ashxatelucacqin arajin xumbenakan cistemneri toxer@ voronqayin toxeri mec tarberel, patkanalucacqin bataryeri, voralucacqin noravor systema elektrayin metsavorutyan. Bataryeri mijakaracnel en tvyal nerkin heto u zangvac barbanum, azgazangvac heta, vochmic noravor gorcoxutyuny chen.

Qani vor cistemayin tiv, harkacvelucnen veradardzni: PV modulyeri gorcoxutyuny naxorakic gorcoxutyun (DC) elektrayin, voreve inverter@ naxorakic gorcoxutyuny voronqayin gorcoxutyun (AC), qaylave elektrayin miavorutyan u xumbenakan toxeri.

1. Fotovoltaik (PV) Modulyeri

PV modulyeri erkaroxakan socemocnum en bazeleyin cistemayin. Erkaroxakan fotovoltaik cell-neri mijakaracnel en laseri u wire-cutting mashineri mech. Qani vor erkaroxakan solar cell-i voltajic u ampereic gorcoxutyuni ogdgor e, cell-neri mijakaracnel en seriyac, vor noravor voltajic gorcel, u paralel, vor noravor ampereic gorcel. Socemocnum en blocking diod (vor evs tegecnelu gorcoxutyun), u frame mek stexni, alumi, u non-metallic materialnerov. Verjum en tempered glass ic petq e, backsheet ic havasar, u nitrogen gasic pahelu, u hermetically sealed. Noravanki PV modulyeri mijakaracnel en seriyac u paralel, formav PV array (noravor solar array).

Harkacvelucnen: Qani vor naxorakic p-n junction-i erkaroxakan solar cell-i mech, electron-hole pair-neri liniel. P-n junction-i elektrakan field-i verjvac, hole-neri movenc p-region, u electron-neri n-region. Qani vor circuit-i saranc, gorcoxutyun liniel. PV modulyeri erkaroxakan socemocnum en naxorakic gorcoxutyuny elektrakan gorcoxutyun, u storvec bataryeri u miavorutyan elektrakan load-ner.

PV Modulyeri Tiv:

• Monocrystalline Silicon:Efficiency ≈ 18%, up to 24% — the highest among all PV types. Typically encapsulated with tempered glass and waterproof resin, making them durable and long-lasting (lifespan up to 25 years).

• Polycrystalline Silicon:Efficiency ≈ 14%. Similar manufacturing process to monocrystalline, but with lower efficiency, lower cost, and shorter lifespan. However, it is simpler to produce, consumes less energy, and has lower production costs, leading to widespread adoption.

• Amorphous Silicon (Thin-Film):Efficiency ≈ 10%. Made using a completely different thin-film process, requiring minimal silicon and energy. Its main advantage is better performance under low-light conditions.

2. Controller (Used in Off-Grid Systems)

Solar charge controller@ avtomatik device en bataryeri overcharging u over-discharging mi voracnel. Mijakaracnel en high-speed CPU microprocessor u high-precision A/D converter, function en microcomputer-based data acquisition u monitoring control system. En can quickly collect real-time operational data, monitor system status, u store historical data, providing accurate u sufficient information en evaluate system design u component reliability. En also supports serial communication en centralized management u remote control of multiple PV sub-stations.

3. Inverter

Inverter@ naxorakic DC electricity, generated by solar panels, voronqayin AC electricity, making it compatible en standard AC-powered appliances. PV inverter@ key balance-of-system (BOS) component en includes special features such en Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) u islanding protection.

Types of Solar Inverters:

• Standalone Inverter:Used en off-grid systems. PV array charges the battery, u inverter draws DC power from the battery en supply AC loads. Many standalone inverters include built-in battery chargers en recharge the battery using AC power. These inverters are not connected en the grid u do not require islanding protection.

• Grid-Tied Inverter:Feeds AC power back into the utility grid. Its output waveform must match the grid’s phase, frequency, u voltage. It automatically shuts down if the grid is disconnected for safety. It does not provide backup power during a grid outage.

• Battery Backup Inverter:A special inverter en uses batteries as its primary power source u includes a charger en recharge them. Excess power can be fed back into the grid. During a grid outage, it can supply AC power en designated circuits, u thus includes islanding protection.

4. Battery (Not Required en Grid-Connected Systems)

Battery@ energy storage unit en PV system. Common types include sealed lead-acid, flooded lead-acid, gel, u nickel-cadmium alkaline batteries. Sealed lead-acid u gel batteries are the most widely used.

Harkacvelucnen: During the day, sunlight hits the PV modules, generating DC voltage u converting light into electricity. This power is sent en the controller, which prevents overcharging, u then stored en the battery for later use when needed.