Anailís na nSíntéis agus Fheidhmiú Eagraíochta Táirge IEE-Business
Stáideanna agus Ranguithe Córas Díolacháin Cumhachtaithe Comhbhristeach
Tá roinnt mór de chórais díolacháin cumhachtaithe comhbhristeach ann. I measc na n-úsáidí ginearálta tá stáisiúin trasmhaire i bpacáiste, transfóiréir bosca, stáisiúin trasmhaire réamhsocrú, transfóiréir comhbhristeach, boscaí stáisiúnacha Eorpacha, agus boscaí stáisiúnacha Meiriceánacha.
Stáideanna Cothrom le Dóthain do Chórais Díolacháin Cumhachtaithe Comhbhristeach
Is iad na stáideanna cothrom le dóthain atá i bhfeidhm faoi láthair in China do chórais díolacháin cumhachtaithe comhbhristeach: an stándár náisiúnta GB/T 17467 - 1998 Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Réamhsocrú, an stándár tionscail meicniúil JB/T 10217 - 2000 Transfóiréir Comhbhristeach, agus an stándár ordú tionscail solais DL/T 537 - 2002 Leaganacha Céannach do Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Boscaí.
I 1995, foilsigh an Coiste Idirmhíreolaíochta Idirnáisiúnta (IEC) an stándár IEC1330 - 1995 Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Réamhsocrú. Is cothroimeach é an stándár náisiúnta GB/T 17467 - 1998 Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Réamhsocrú leis an stándár IEC1330. Sa stándár seo, tuarastar go bhfuil "stáisiún réamhsocrú" ina "eochairchóras a d'fhás trí thriáilte seánra agus a úsáidtear chun cumhacht ardsholais a chur ar fáil do chóras solais íseal. Tá sé seo aontaithe leis an gcóras transfóiréir, córas solais ardsholais agus solais íseal, líneáin ceangail, agus eochairchórais cabhracha sroichte sa chasadh".
Léiríonn an stándár tionscail meicniúil JB/T 10217 - 2000 Transfóiréir Comhbhristeach go bhfuil an stándár díolacháin do transfóiréir comhbhristeach mar "transfóiréir a chomhbhrísteann corp an transfóiréir, córas solais, fuinneoige, modhanna breise, agus eochairchórais cabhracha coibhneasta".
Dearnadh athrú ar an stándár ordú tionscail solais DL/T 537 - 1993 Condia Céannach do Stáisiúin Trasmhaire 6 - 35kV Boscaí i DL/T 537 - 2002 Leaganacha Céannach do Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Boscaí, chun a dhéanamh cothroimeach leis an stándár IEC 1330 - 1995. Tá na difríochtaí idir DL/T 537 - 2002 agus IEC 1330 - 1995 (i.e., GB/T 17467 - 1998) léirithe i Tabhlach 1.
Is iad an trí stándár náisiúnta thuas a chuirtear chun cinn. Mar gheall ar an ndifríocht idir na heagraíochtaí, tá gach stándár le rudaí a bhfuil a lán gnáchais aige. Tá an stándár ordú tionscail solais bunaithe ar an bperspécta an t-úsáideoir, bunaithe ar stándáir idirnáisiúnta (náisiúnta), agus cuirtear isteach iad sa Tabhlach 1, ag tabhairt bonn níos mionsonraithe do roghnú eochairchórais.
Ranguithe Córas Díolacháin Cumhachtaithe Comhbhristeach
Cé go bhfuil na stáideanna roinnte a luaite, níl ainmniú córas díolacháin cumhachtaithe comhbhristeach sa chuid is mó uimhirthe, agus tá an rangú freisin ag éirí ar leith. Tá dhá chineál príomha ann: ceann amháin chun stáisiúin réamhsocrú a riochtáil mar boscaí stáisiúnacha Eorpacha; an chéad cheann eile chun go mbeadh gach córas díolacháin cumhachtaithe comhbhristeach ar a dtugtar stáisiúin réamhsocrú, agus ansin roinnt iad i "boscaí stáisiúnacha Eorpacha" agus "boscaí stáisiúnacha Meiriceánacha". Tá roinnt forbróirí, chun riachtanais éagsúla a lorg, ag cur isteach ar dhá ainm ar aon phróduit.
Anailís Struchtúr agus Feidhmíocht
Stáisiún Réamhsocrú Eorpach-stíle
Sna 1970idí, tháinig 6-10kV córas díolacháin cumhachtaithe comhbhristeach ó thíortha Eorpacha cosúil le Franc agus an Ghearmáin. Bhí an córas nua seo aontaithe trí chéile trí chomhbhríste an trí phríomhchórais (córas solais ardsholais, transfóiréir, agus córas díolacháin solais íseal) i gcosaint amháin, ag cruthú an coincheap stáisiún réamhsocrú.
I Nollaig 1993, foilsigh an Roinn Solais Shintiúir an stándár tionscail DL/T 537-1993 "Speisifící Teicniúla do Stáisiúin Trasmhaire 6-35kV Boscaí". Léiríonn Alt 3.1 den stándár seo go bhfuil "aontas iomlán díolacháin córas díolacháin solais ardsholais, transfóiréir, córas díolacháin solais íseal, agus eochairchórais mearachta cabhracha sroichte i gcosaint amháin nó roinnt cosaintí" a dtugtar stáisiún réamhsocrú, agus a chuirtear síos mar stáisiún bosca. Tá an struchtúr seo bunaithe ar dhiseáin Eorpacha, agus tá sé ina chónaicte mar stáisiún réamhsocrú Eorpach-stíle.
Tar éis an Stándár Náisiúnta GB/T 17467-1998 "Stáisiúin Trasmhaire Ardsholais / Solais Íseal Réamhsocrú" a foilsiú i 1998, athraíodh an téarma oifigiúil go "stáisiún réamhsocrú". Ach fós, leanann an t-úsáideoir agus an t-ionadaí an stáisiún bosca agus an stáisiún réamhsocrú Eorpach-stíle sa chuid is mó uimhirthe.
Caractair Struchtúrtha:
Ghnáthaimh an stáisiún réamhsocrú Eorpach-stíle triúr áit chun feidhmiú:
Seomra solais ardsholais
Seomra solais íseal
Seomra transfóiréir
Bhí dhá struchtúr príomha i úsáid:
Líne lineach: Seo an chonfigúrú stándard
Líne tríantánach: Seo an chonfigúrú a úsáidtear le haghaidh riachtanais córas solais íseal casta
Forbairtí Feidhmíocha faoi stáisiúin trasmhaire ginearálta:
Achoimre um luach airgeadra:
Réidhú radharc airgeadra 40-60%
Laghú costais cáblach 25-35%
Réidhú fiúntas líne 15-20%
Feidhmiú spás:
Úsáidtear 10% de thréimhse stáisiún trasmhaire ginearálta
Laghú costais innealtóireachta 60-70%
Soiléiriú suíomh:
Réidhú ama conspóid 50-60%
Teorainní Teicniúla agus Réitigh:
Tá dúshlán teicniúil suntasach ann leis an díchumasú:
Meastar gur 8-12°C an t-ardú teasa (ΔT) san áit
Feidhmeannacht comhpháirtí laghdú 3-5% gach 10°C ardú teasa
Is iad na réitigh tionscail:
Córais aeráide casta:
Ballaí cosaint labirín
Fánaithe aer axiale (de ghnáth 200-400 CFM)
Méadú teicniúil:
Uathbhreáthú radaithe (méadú 20-30%)
Eochairchórais teasa (Class H nó níos airde)
Is iad na réitigh seo, cé go bhfuil siad éifeachtach, ag cur:
Córas casta (réidhú ama déantúsa 15-20%)
Córais cúnta (5-8% de gach carachtar)
Fuinneamh ghuth (ardú 3-5 dBA)
Forbairtí Teicniúla Déanaí:
Tá forbairtí suntasacha bainte amach ag forbróirí casta le díchumasú:
Comhpháirtí díchumasú nua do transfóiréir (méadú 12-15%)
Córais aeráide cosaint (réidhú teasa 6-8°C)
Deisigh casta (≥800kVA) gan aeráid ghníomhach
Compliance with GB 1094.11 dry-type transformer thermal limits (maximum winding temperature rise: 100K)
These innovations maintain compliance with national standards while achieving:
Energy savings (fan power reduction: 100%)
Noise level reduction (4-7 dBA)
Enhanced operational reliability (MTBF improvement: 20-25%)
American - style Box Substations (Combined Transformers)
In the 1990s, American - style compartmentalized three - phase distribution transformers entered the Chinese market. According to the American National Standard (ANSI) C57.12.26 - 1992 Standard for Pad - Mounted Compartmentalized Self - Cooled Three - Phase Distribution Transformers with High - Voltage Plug - in Connectors, high - voltage cables are connected to the transformer through cable connectors in the high - voltage compartment, and low - voltage cables are connected to the low - voltage terminals with bolts in the low - voltage compartment. The oil tank of the pad - mounted compartmentalized distribution transformer is equipped with high - voltage fuses and four - position load switches. The transformer can operate as a terminal or in a loop network, protecting and controlling the power supply status on the high - voltage side of the transformer.
Transformer manufacturers in China have added low - voltage circuit breakers and electricity meters to the low - voltage compartments of American - style products, turning them into combined power distribution devices. These devices are widely used in residential communities. To distinguish them from European - style box substations, they are called American - style box substations, also known as combined transformers. The mechanical industry standard JB/T 10217 - 2000 Combined Transformers expounds on the standard definition of combined transformers (as mentioned above). In 3.7, it defines the "high - and low - voltage compartments" as "spaces where the high - and low - voltage cable terminations and the operation and control parts of electrical components are enclosed by steel plates, relying on the oil tank walls". This is one of the structural differences from European - style box substations.
This standard classifies combined transformers (American - style box substations) into two types according to the oil tank structure: common - tank type and separate - tank type. In the common - tank type, high - voltage electrical components share a transformer oil tank with the transformer body, denoted by the letter ZG. In the separate - tank type, high - voltage electrical components such as load switches are placed in a separate oil tank, while other high - voltage electrical components and the transformer body are installed in another oil tank. The oil circuits of the two oil tanks are not connected, denoted by the letter ZF.
Common - tank Combined Transformers
In addition to the advantages of European - style box substations, common - tank combined transformers have the following advantages:
Smaller Footprint: Occupies approximately 3/5 of the area of a European - style box substation.
Better Heat Dissipation: The transformer is directly exposed, which is beneficial for heat dissipation. The structure is relatively simple, and the selling price is relatively low (about 3/5 of that of a European - style box substation).
Convenient Transportation and Installation: Smaller in volume, making transportation and installation more convenient.
Under the Chinese context, American - style box substations directly imported from abroad have the following deficiencies:
Transformer Oil Degradation: When the high - voltage load switch operates, the arc generated is likely to cause the decomposition of the transformer oil, affecting the overall service life of the American - style box substation.
Phase - loss Operation: When a high - voltage fuse blows, it may cause the transformer to operate under phase - loss conditions.
Limited High - voltage Circuit Functionality: The high - voltage circuit has relatively simple functions, which does not fully meet the requirements of current electrical operation regulations. For example, the high - voltage load switch has no obvious disconnection point.
To address these issues, domestic manufacturers have made several improvements. As mentioned above, low - voltage circuit breakers (usually intelligent air - circuit breakers) are added to the low - voltage compartments of American - style box substations to achieve multiple fault protections such as over - load, under - voltage, short - circuit, and grounding. This eliminates the phenomenon of high - voltage fuses blowing due to short - circuits or over - loads in low - voltage feeder lines, avoiding the phase - loss operation of the transformer. Secondly, the high - voltage part has been redesigned. For example, in terms of high - voltage protection, American - style box substations use load switches to cut off the load power supply and rely on backup protection fuses and plug - in fuses for full - range power protection.
Separate - tank Combined Transformers
So far, most of the American - style box substations produced by transformer manufacturers belong to the ZG - type common - tank combined transformers. To eliminate the shortcomings of common - tank combined transformers mentioned above, domestic transformer manufacturers have separated high - voltage components such as load switches and backup protection fuses from the transformer oil tank. High - flash - point oil is injected into the small compartments of high - voltage components such as load switches, and ordinary No. 25 oil is injected into the transformer oil tank. This not only solves the problem of transformer oil aging caused by operating the load switch but also addresses the heat - dissipation problem caused by using high - flash - point oil in the entire transformer oil tank (due to its high viscosity).
Adoption of Amorphous Alloy Transformers
The transformer is the largest - sized and most heat - generating component in a box - type substation. Its structural characteristics and the level of losses are directly related to the overall design of the box - type substation.
In 1996, China successfully developed and produced non - crystalline distribution transformers below 500 kVA, but the production volume was small, and large - scale production was not achieved. In 1998, Shanghai Xindian Electric Company introduced the design and manufacturing technology of amorphous transformers from General Electric (GE) in the United States for large - scale production . Currently, there are more than 20 amorphous transformer manufacturers. The no - load loss of amorphous alloy iron cores is 20% of that of the S9 series, showing a very significant energy - saving effect.
The ANSI distribution transformer standards also play a role in the broader context of transformer technology and market. However, the main factor restricting the adoption of amorphous alloy transformers in domestic box - type substations is the price, which requires the country to implement corresponding incentive policies. In fact, there are many incentive policies for using amorphous alloy transformers at home and abroad. According to Taiwanese manufacturers, the Taiwan region has formulated strict standards for non - crystalline alloy transformer products. Wherever users purchase amorphous alloy transformers, they can receive subsidies based on the transformer capacity, with a reward of tens of thousands of New Taiwan Dollars given per kW.
Comparison between European - style and American - style Box Substations
As mentioned above, both American - style and European - style box substations share advantages in terms of volume, floor area, and environmental coordination. American - style box substations, which are often designed with reference to ANSI distribution transformer - related norms, even have certain advantages over European - style ones in aspects such as floor area, price, and heat dissipation. For instance, in the case of the DXB(W) - 1.10 type box substation, the high - and low - voltage bushings, tap - changers, oil conservators, and oil drain valves of the transformer are installed on one side wall, each enclosed in separate high - and low - voltage equipment compartments. The transformer thus forms part of the box substation's casing, while the remaining three side walls are equipped with corrugated heat sinks exposed to the air. This improves the heat - dissipation conditions and reduces certain losses.
However, since the heat - dissipation parts of American - style box substations are exposed to the air for a long time, new problems such as material corrosion due to the natural environment arise, affecting the overall service life of the equipment. Moreover, in summer, the temperature of the heat sinks of American - style box substations can reach above 80 - 90°C, posing a risk of scalding to people who accidentally get close to them.
European - style box substations using amorphous alloy transformers are newly developed products by domestic manufacturers. They represent a technological advancement following the amorphous alloy combined transformers (including common - tank and separate - tank types). With improvements in other heat - dissipation designs, they achieve natural cooling while meeting the national temperature - rise requirements, eliminating the energy consumption and noise of ventilation fans. Thus, amorphous alloy European - style box substations possess excellent technical characteristics.
Conclusion
With the further promotion of standards, the naming of combined power distribution devices should become more unified. The development of technology and the improvement of manufacturing processes and structures make American - style and European - style box substations more advantageous compared to traditional substations. They are better adapted to the market's demands for miniaturization, environmental coordination, multi - functionality, and reliable power supply of power distribution equipment. If the use of environmentally - friendly and energy - saving materials such as amorphous alloys can receive certain policy incentives, the technical and economic performance of domestic box substations will be further enhanced.
