Free Expert Guides on Power Systems, Circuit Design & Electrical Troubleshooting

What is CSST Bonding?CSST (Corrugated Stainless-Steel Tubing) bonding is a technique in which a conductor is electrically connected to CSST metallic gas piping and then connected to the grounding electrode system to provide a low impedance path to the ground. CSST Bonding is used to reduce the possibility and severity of arcing between conductive systems when energized by a lightning strike on a CSST gas pipe or nearby.The CSST must be permanently bonded to the grounding electrode system of the

What is a Dead Short?A dead short is an electrical circuit that results in current flowing along an unintended path with no resistance or impedance. This results in an excessive current flowing through the circuit, which can damage equipment or cause electrical shocks to those nearby.A dead short is difficult to track and diagnose as the current builds rapidly and trips the breaker immediately.It is mainly caused due to direct connection between positive and negative power wires or a direct con

What is Clamping Voltage?Clamping voltage is defined as the maximum voltage allowed to pass through an electrical circuit breaker or surge protector before limiting further voltage from passing through the circuit. The clamping voltage technique is used in modern electrical equipment to protect from electrical surges.The clamping voltage is a predefined voltage for a surge protector. The surge protector will restrict the input voltage from passing this number. Note that a surge protector is a de

What is Available Fault Current?Available fault current (AFC) is defined as the largest amount of current available during a fault. It is the maximum amount of current that can be delivered to the electrical equipment under a fault condition. The available fault current is also known as the available short-circuit current.The term ‘Available Fault Current’ was introduced in the 2011 NFPA 70: National Electric Code (NEC) in section 110.24 (latest version of the code).According to this section, i

We have already discussed the Fourier series in exponential form. In this article we will discuss another form of Fourier series i.e. Trigonometric Fourier series.Fourier series representation in Trigonometric formFourier series in trigonometric form can be easily derived from its exponential form. The complex exponential Fourier series representation of a periodic signal x(t) with fundamental period To is given bySince sine and cosine can be expressed in exponential form. Thus by manipulating t

Fourier Series at a GlanceA continuous time signal x(t) is said to be periodic if there is a positive non-zero value of T for whichAs we know any periodic signal can be classified into harmonically related sinusoids or complex exponential, provided it satisfies the Dirichlet’s Conditions. This decomposed representation is called FOURIER SERIES.Two type of Fourier Series representation are there. Both are equivalent to each other. Exponential Fourier Series Trigonometric Fourier SeriesBoth repres

Sometimes all the information in time domain is not sufficient. This makes us to move to frequency domain of the signal for extracting more information about the signal. This movement from one domain to other domain is known as transformation. For changing the domain of signal from time to frequency we have many tools. Fourier Series and Fourier Transform are two of the tools in which we decompose the signal into harmonically related sinusoids. With such decomposition, a signal is said to be rep

In a control system, there may be some energy storing elements attached to it. Energy storing elements are generally inductors and capacitors in case of an electrical system. Due to the presence of these energy storing elements, if the energy state of the system is disturbed, it will take a certain time to change from one energy state to another. The exact time taken by the system for changing one energy state to another is known as transient time and the value and pattern voltages and currents

What is a Nichols Chart?A Nichols Chart (also known as a Nichols Plot) is a plot used in signal processing and control system design to determine the stability and closed-loop frequency response of a feedback system. The Nichols chart is named after its founder, Nathaniel B. Nichols.How Does A Nichols Chart Work?Constant magnitude loci that are M-circles and constant phase angle loci that are N-circles are the fundamental components in designing the Nichols chart.The constant M and constant N ci

Laplace transformation is a technique for solving differential equations. Here differential equation of time domain form is first transformed to algebraic equation of frequency domain form. After solving the algebraic equation in frequency domain, the result then is finally transformed to time domain form to achieve the ultimate solution of the differential equation. In other words it can be said that the Laplace transformation is nothing but a shortcut method of solving differential equation.In