Calculation of active power

This tool calculates the protected area between two lightning rods based on the IEC 62305 standard and the Rolling Sphere Method, suitable for building, tower, and industrial facility lightning protection design. Parameter Description Current Type Select the type of current in the system: - Direct Current (DC) : Common in solar PV systems or DC-powered equipment - Alternating Single-Phase (AC Single-Phase) : Typical in residential power distribution Note: This parameter is used to distinguish input modes but does not affect the protection zone calculation directly. Inputs Choose input method: - Voltage/Power : Enter voltage and load power - Power/Resistance : Enter power and line resistance Tip: This feature may be used for future extensions (e.g., ground resistance or induced voltage calculation), but it does not influence the geometric protection range. Height of Lightning Rod A The height of the primary lightning rod, in meters (m) or centimeters (cm). Usually the taller rod, defining the upper boundary of the protection zone. Height of Lightning Rod B The height of the second lightning rod, same unit as above. If the rods are of different heights, an unequal-height configuration is formed. Space Between Two Lightning Rods Horizontal distance between the two rods, in meters (m), denoted as (d). General rule: \( d \leq 1.5 \times (h_1 + h_2) \), otherwise effective protection cannot be achieved. Height of the Protected Object The height of the structure or equipment to be protected, in meters (m). This value must not exceed the maximum allowable height within the protection zone. Usage Recommendations Prefer equal-height rods for simpler design Keep spacing less than 1.5 times the sum of rod heights Ensure the protected object's height is below the protection zone For critical facilities, consider adding a third rod or using a meshed air-termination system

Calculation of voltage

Calculate resistance using voltage, current, power, or impedance in AC/DC circuits. “Tendency of a body to oppose the passage of an electric current.” Calculation Principle Based on Ohm's Law and its derivatives: ( R = frac{V}{I} = frac{P}{I^2} = frac{V^2}{P} = frac{Z}{text{Power Factor}} ) Where: R : Resistance (Ω) V : Voltage (V) I : Current (A) P : Power (W) Z : Impedance (Ω) Power Factor : Ratio of active to apparent power (0–1) Parameters Current Type Direct Current (DC) : Current flows steadily from positive to negative pole. Alternating Current (AC) : Direction and amplitude vary periodically with constant frequency. Single-phase system : Two conductors — one phase and one neutral (zero potential). Two-phase system : Two phase conductors; neutral is distributed in three-wire systems. Three-phase system : Three phase conductors; neutral is included in four-wire systems. Voltage Difference in electric potential between two points. Input method: • Single-phase: Enter Phase-Neutral voltage • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter Phase-Phase voltage Current Flow of electric charge through a material, measured in amperes (A). Power Electric power supplied or absorbed by a component, measured in watts (W). Power Factor Ratio of active power to apparent power: ( cos phi ), where ( phi ) is the phase angle between voltage and current. Value ranges from 0 to 1. Pure resistive load: 1; inductive/capacitive loads: < 1. Impedance Total opposition to alternating current flow, including resistance and reactance, measured in ohms (Ω).

Power Factor Calculation The power factor (PF) is a critical parameter in AC circuits that measures the ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating how efficiently electrical energy is being used. An ideal value is 1.0, meaning voltage and current are in phase with no reactive losses. In real systems, especially those with inductive loads (e.g., motors, transformers), it is typically less than 1.0. This tool calculates the power factor based on input parameters such as voltage, current, active power, reactive power, or impedance, supporting single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. Parameter Description Parameter Description Current Type Select circuit type: • Direct Current (DC): Constant flow from positive to negative pole • Single-phase AC: One live conductor (phase) + neutral • Two-phase AC: Two phase conductors, optionally with neutral • Three-phase AC: Three phase conductors; four-wire system includes neutral Voltage Electric potential difference between two points. • Single-phase: Enter **Phase-Neutral voltage** • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter **Phase-Phase voltage** Current Flow of electric charge through a material, unit: Amperes (A) Active Power Actual power consumed by the load and converted into useful work (heat, light, motion). Unit: Watts (W) Reactive Power Energy alternately flowing in inductive/capacitive components without conversion to other forms. Unit: VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) Apparent Power Product of RMS voltage and current, representing total power supplied. Unit: VA (Volt-Ampere) Resistance Opposition to DC current flow, unit: Ohm (Ω) Impedance Total opposition to AC current, including resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Unit: Ohm (Ω) Calculation Principle Power factor is defined as: PF = P / S = cosφ Where: - P: Active power (W) - S: Apparent power (VA), S = V × I - φ: Phase angle between voltage and current Alternative formulas: PF = R / Z = P / √(P² + Q²) Where: - R: Resistance - Z: Impedance - Q: Reactive power Higher power factor means better efficiency and lower line losses Low power factor increases current, reduces transformer capacity, and may incur utility penalties Usage Recommendations Industrial users should monitor power factor regularly; target ≥ 0.95 Use capacitor banks for reactive power compensation to improve PF Utilities often charge extra fees for power factors below 0.8 Combine with voltage, current, and power data to assess system performance