Akwụkwọ iji Mmemme n'ụdị Anyanwụ Nri Gbara na Ụlọ Ịkụ Elekiri n'ọnụ Agbaja

Small hydropower na nufin power stations da suka bi aiki da ƙarfin faɗa mai tsarki kadan da yake da ƙarfin faɗa mai tsarki 50,000 kV. Tana iya ƙare sauyin topology da ƙarin yawan abubuwa ta hanyar tsafta. A cikin littattafan ya bayyana da ya tafi magana game da abubuwan da ke faru a cikin yanayin tsafta masu small hydropower, ya bincike strategijen reclosing da ke tsafta lines masu small hydropower, kuma ya ba da wani nau'in automatic safety disconnection device don small hydropower.

​1 Yadda Small Hydropower Ke Yanzu a Tsakiyar Gaji​
Akwai ƙasa mai tsarki kadan da ita ce 45,385 km², da tsakiyar gaji ke yi 98.3% daga rayuwarsa. Akwai 58 small hydropower stations da suka bi aiki da ƙarfin faɗa mai tsarki kadan da take da 41.45 MW, duk da cewa mafi yawa suna da ƙarfin faɗa mai tsarki kadan da yake da ƙarfin faɗa mai tsarki 1 MW. Wadannan stations suna fi shiga da jama'a da suka bi aiki da shiga da yawan yin aiki.

Saboda hanyar shekaru, ana amfani da mechanical control equipment domin aiki, da suke canzawa automation devices. Mafi yawa gateway meters suna da pulse meters, da suke iya karin aiki da yin aiki saboda babu remote transmission capabilities. Control protection devices da synchronization equipment suna canzawa communication interfaces, da yake da yin aiki don in bayyana operational data zuwa dispatchers da hukuma.

Akwai 10 kV lines da ke tsafta 35 kV substations suna yi aiki a cikin hybrid mode da small hydropower da load consumption ke yi aiki. High-voltage side of the station's main transformer ana amfani da drop-out fuses, wanda suke da structure mai tsarki kadan da suke tsafta 10 kV grid-connected lines via T-connections.

​2 Bincike Masu Abubuwan​
​2.1 Tana Iya Ƙare Line Automatic Control Devices​
A cikin active distribution networks, idan substation outlet circuit breaker ta yi tripping, small hydropower stations zai iya ci gaba da supply power zuwa fault point, wanda zai iya ƙare fault arc extinction da kuma ƙarfin yin reclosing. Idan distributed energy resources (DERs) sun ci gaba da aiki a lokacin da reclosing, asynchronous closing zai iya faru, wanda zai iya ƙare inrush currents wanda ke zama failure da reclosing da kuma damage small hydropower units.

Mafi yawa 10 kV grid-connected power plants sun canzawa under-voltage disconnection protection don both their grid-connected line protection da generator protection, da suke ba da ma'ana don grid operation requirements. Wannan zai iya ƙare safe da reliable power supply da kuma operational lifespan of the generators.

Idan fault ya faru a cikin grid-connected channel of a small hydropower station, generator zai iya canzawa quick disconnect ba a lokacin da system side ta clear fault. Wannan zai iya ƙare asynchronous grid reconnection ba a lokacin da system-side line reclosing action, da yake zai iya ƙare system-side reclosing da kuma zai iya ƙare unnecessary power outages for public transformer users, wanda zai iya ƙare significant negative social impact.

Dakadan, idan fault ya faru a cikin grid-connected channel, generator's inability to disconnect quickly zai iya ƙare safe da reliable power supply da kuma zai iya ƙare asynchronous grid reconnection.

​2.2 Incomplete Transmission of Dispatch Information​
Daga field surveys, mafi yawa small hydropower stations suna cikin tsakiyar gaji, da suke da distance da grid's central substations. Idan ake amfani da dedicated optical fiber cables through forests, zai iya ƙare cost da kuma unreliable. Upgrade automation equipment da kuma transmit data via secure wireless private networks after cybersecurity assessments zai iya ƙare significant investment. Duk da cewa mafi yawa small hydropower plants suna da limited capacity da low发电效益, da take da incentive for upgrades. Communication channel limitations zai iya ƙare incomplete information being sent to the dispatch center.

Amma, idan ba a iya transmit real-time operational data zuwa regional dispatch center, zai iya ƙare dispatchers' analysis of the grid da kuma reliability of 10 kV distribution transformers on grid-connected lines. The dispatch platform zai iya ƙare blind operation for small hydropower stations for extended periods, wanda zai iya ƙare safe operation of the regional grid.

​3 Solutions​
​3.1 Solution Overview​
Don in iya effective monitoring da data acquisition for small hydropower units da kuma enhance grid security da reliability, drop-out fuses on the high-voltage side of the main transformers suna kawo new pole-mounted vacuum circuit breakers equipped with high-precision electronic sensors. Wadannan suna da Feeder Automation Terminals (FTUs) featuring remote signaling, telemetry, remote control, da kuma automatic disconnection functions don in collect data at the 10 kV grid connection point da kuma switch status.

Akwai existing gateway pulse meters suna kawo three-phase electronic multifunctional energy meters don in collect operational data from the generator units, wanda zai iya transmit zuwa FTU via fieldbus. FTU ana da dual-card communication vertical encryption module. Data zai iya secure encrypted da kuma uploaded zuwa integrated regional dispatch system via a dedicated public wireless network channel with strong signal coverage.

Idan fault on the grid-connected line zai iya cause substation outlet switch to trip, FTU's loss-of-voltage protection zai iya activate, da kuma pole-mounted circuit breaker zai iya open to disconnect small hydropower station from the grid. Re-synchronization da kuma reconnection zai iya faru ba a lokacin da power supply restoration.

​3.2 Digital Automation Package Equipment​
Digital automation package includes ZW32-type pole-mounted circuit breakers, double-sided isolation disconnectors, power voltage transformers, da kuma digital FTUs. Circuit breaker unit integrates three combined electronic sensors (EVCT) da local digital unit (ADMU).

Overall structure na compact da lightweight, wanda zai iya facilitate installation da maintenance. Compared to traditional intelligent via monitoring software of detection equipment, this system allows the monitoring software to obtain operational data from the operating systems of 32 units. It simultaneously captures file sizes from camera images and monitors whether the software of detection devices (small-package, bar-package, missing-bar-in-carton, five-wheel detection) is operating normally, along with rejection action information data. Specific manifestations include:

• The software sends rejected image data to the console.
• The software sends all image data to the console.
• The software sends all statistical data (including brand, date, time, unit information, etc.) to the console.

Leveraging the factory intranet server, when the monitoring software of detection equipment generates fault information data, it is transmitted to the server, triggering on-site alarms via the factory intranet server. Fault information data is also remotely alerted via PC and mobile terminals. Issues such as software crashes, camera disconnections, camera failure to capture images, faulty烟包到位检测 sensors, failure to receive defect images, and rejection device malfunctions trigger warning pop-ups on PC and mobile interfaces. The alarm page displays device fault information, location, occurrence time, and handling records.

​3.3 Implementing Product Quality Early Warning Control​
By analyzing detection data from the equipment, early warnings are issued when the number of defective cigarette packets exceeds thresholds or abnormal defect frequencies occur. The quality warning function alerts maintenance personnel to adjust or repair relevant parts of the main production equipment, promptly eliminating quality defects and preventing deterioration.

Data from small-package detection devices, five-wheel detection devices, missing-bar-in-carton detection devices, and bar-package detection devices are analyzed based on quality defect image name information (including the time of defect occurrence, quantity of defective products, and the camera location where the defect was detected). A product defect warning is issued when the defect count exceeds the warning threshold.

By analyzing the time and quantity of defective products, the frequency of defects over a certain period and long-term trends can be statistically analyzed. This provides a basis for equipment evaluation management, timely alerts maintenance personnel for adjustments, and enhances scientific maintenance management.

​3.4 Centralized Management of Detection Equipment Status​
Production management personnel (process quality staff, equipment managers) use the monitoring system to centrally compare and analyze the operational status of detection devices and product defect situations, achieving centralized management of detection equipment status. The detection equipment monitoring system can display real-time operational status, quality defect trends, and historical data statistical analysis for all detection equipment in the factory, enabling unified centralized management of all factory equipment.

Comprehensive historical fault records can analyze the proportion of faulty units, fault types, faulty equipment, and peak fault times. Planned maintenance management is implemented for units, fault types, and equipment with frequent failures to prevent occurrences.

​4 Conclusion​
In summary, the equipment detection system in the cigarette manufacturing workshop of a tobacco factory requires real-time online monitoring to ensure the operational status of detection devices is tracked, providing alarms and fault localization. This reduces during the production process of cigarette packets, ensures smooth production operations, and improves production efficiency.