Design and Installation of Solar PV SystemsModern society relies on energy for daily needs like industry, heating, transport, and agriculture, mostly met by non-renewable sources (coal, oil, gas). However, these cause environmental harm, are unevenly distributed, and face price volatility due to limited reserves—driving demand for renewable energy.Solar energy, abundant and capable of meeting global needs, stands out. Standalone PV systems (Fig 1) offer energy independence from utilities.

Low-voltage current transformers, as indispensable measurement and protection devices in power systems, often encounter various faults when used in combination with other power equipment due to environmental factors, equipment linkage issues, and improper installation and maintenance. These faults not only affect the normal operation of power equipment but may also endanger personal safety. Therefore, it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of fault types, judgment methods, and prevent

With the continuous advancement of smart grid technology, intelligent monitoring systems are playing an increasingly important role in preventing and addressing faults in voltage transformers. These modern intelligent monitoring systems can collect key parameters from voltage transformers in real time—such as partial discharge levels, temperature, and oil quality—and use data analysis algorithms to assess the health status of the equipment, enabling early fault warnings and precise l

1. Open - Circuit Fault on the Secondary SideOpen - circuit in the secondary side is a typical fault of low - voltage voltage transformers, showing abnormal voltmeter readings (zero/fluctuation), faulty power meters, buzzing noises, and core overheating. When open - circuited, the secondary voltage spikes (no secondary current to balance the primary EMF), causing core saturation, flux distortion, and potential overheating/damage.Causes include loose terminals, poor contact, or human error. In lo

1. Selection of Low - Voltage Current Transformer ConfigurationThere are many factors leading to wrong selection of low - voltage current transformers in civil construction projects. For example, common factors include design problems: the calculated coefficient designed for the load of electrical equipment is relatively large, or the transformation ratio of the current transformer is selected incorrectly. Such a series of reasons will affect the use of electrical equipment. Therefore, in the co

To ensure safe operation of the power system, power equipment operation must be monitored/measured. General devices can’t connect to primary high - voltage equipment directly; instead, large primary currents are scaled down for current transformation, electrical isolation, and use by measurement/protection devices. For AC large - current measurement, conversion to a unified current eases secondary instrument use.Current transformers split into measurement - and protection - type, with accu