In today's world, not wearing a watch is no longer unusual, but not having an electricity meter is a serious issue. As a measuring instrument vital to people's daily lives, the electricity meter is an essential tool for power consumption measurement and billing in every household. According to current national strategic requirements for smart grid development, smart electricity meters have been widely applied and promoted, bringing entirely new and extensive market opportunities to the metering

1 Analysis of Smart Meter Faults and Their Impact on the Power Grid1.1 Introduction to Smart Meter Functions and Their Critical Role in Modern Power GridsSmart meters exchange data in real time with power companies through two-way communication, enabling functions such as remote meter reading and dynamic tariff adjustment. This capability allows users to adjust their consumption based on real-time pricing, achieving energy savings and cost reduction. Meanwhile, smart meters support grid automati

Meter reading, verification, and billing are critical operations for power companies, and their efficiency directly impacts the company's sustainable development. In recent years, with the widespread adoption of intelligent technologies, smart meters have been promoted and applied in power companies, driving transformation in meter reading and billing operations. The integrated application of smart meters and meter reading, verification, and billing information systems has become a key developme

Dielectrics and insulators are distinguished primarily by their applications. One of the main differences is that a dielectric can store electrical energy by becoming polarized in an electric field, whereas an insulator resists the flow of electrons to prevent current conduction. Other key differences between them are outlined in the comparison chart below.Definition of DielectricA dielectric material is a type of insulator that contains few or no free electrons. When subjected to an electric fi

Oil Leakage at Welded JointsOil leakage at welded joints primarily stems from poor welding quality, such as incomplete or detached welds, and defects like pinholes and gas pores. Although oil-immersed transformers are initially coated with solder and paint during manufacturing, potentially masking these issues temporarily, the defects tend to surface during operation. Additionally, electromagnetic vibration can cause weld cracks, leading to oil leakage.To resolve such leaks, the first critical s

Transformers experience various types of losses during operation, primarily categorized into two main types: copper losses and iron losses.Copper LossesCopper losses, also known as I²R losses, are caused by the electrical resistance of the transformer windings—typically made of copper. As current flows through the windings, energy is dissipated in the form of heat. These losses are proportional to the square of the load current (I²R), meaning they increase significantly with high