Faduwar Tsurakwai da Kable na Coaxial | Tashin Farko, Turanci da Farkon Ayyuka

Duk da optical fiber da coaxial cable ne su mai yadda masu shirya tushen. Amma, akwai kalmomin muhimmanci da ke mafi tsawon bi. Yadda mafi kyau wadanda ke cikin bi shine yadda tushen da suke shirya: optical fiber an samar da ita don shirya tushen optical (light), amma coaxial cable an samar da ita don shirya tushen electrical.

Takaitaccen Optical Fiber

Optical fibers suna flexible, transparent waveguides da ake amfani da su don shirya tushen light daga fadin zuwa fadin ta hanyar karfi. Suna zama da high-purity glass (usually silica) ko plastic, kuma suna da structure na core da cladding.

Core shine fadin, innermost region da ya zama da ultra-pure silica glass, inda light take propagates. Tana ci gaba da layer na cladding, wanda ya zama da glass amma na refractive index da ya fiye da core. Wannan difference na refractive index shine ne da ke amfani da total internal reflection, wanda ke taimaka light zuwa masu masu distance da low attenuation.

Don taimaka glass structure na fragile daga damage na physical, moisture, da environmental stress, duk assembly na fiber an encase a protective outer layer known as buffer coating ko plastic jacket.

Wannan figure na bayyana schematic structure na optical fiber:

Tushen optical signal an shirya a optical fiber ta hanyar principle na total internal reflection (TIR). Idan light an introduce a fiber, ita take propagates through the core by undergoing successive reflections at the interface between the core and the cladding.

Don total internal reflection to occur, refractive index na core ya kamata fiye da refractive index na cladding. Wannan index difference shine ne da ke taimaka light zuwa fiber da karfi da low loss.

Ta hanyar principle na TIR, idan light ray traveling in a denser medium (the core) strikes the boundary with a rarer medium (the cladding) at an angle greater than the critical angle, the ray is completely reflected back into the denser medium, rather than being refracted out. Wannan phenomenon shine ne da ke taimaka light zuwa core.

Idan light ray enters the core, it travels until it reaches the core-cladding boundary. Due to the difference in refractive indices, and provided the angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle, the ray is reflected back into the core instead of passing into the cladding. This process repeats continuously along the fiber length, enabling the light signal to zigzag down the core and travel from one end of the fiber to the other with high efficiency and low attenuation.

Thus, total internal reflection is the fundamental mechanism that enables long-distance, high-bandwidth optical communication through optical fibers.

Takaitaccen Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cables, commonly referred to as "coax," are a type of guided transmission medium used for carrying electrical signals over a distance. They are constructed as electrical conductors that allow the flow of electrons, typically made with a central core of copper due to its excellent conductivity.

A coaxial cable consists of several layers: a central copper conductor (solid or stranded), surrounded by a dielectric insulating layer, which is then encased by a cylindrical conducting shield—usually made of braided copper or aluminum foil. This layered structure is further protected by an outer insulating jacket that provides mechanical strength and environmental protection.

The term "coaxial" arises from the fact that the inner conductor and the outer shield share the same geometric axis. This design helps minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI) and signal loss, making coaxial cables suitable for transmitting high-frequency signals with good integrity.

Wannan figure na bayyana coaxial cable used for the transmission of electrical signals:

Optical Fiber:

Optical fibers are used to transmit signals at optical frequencies (light). Due to their high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low signal attenuation, they are widely employed in high-definition television (HDTV), telecommunications networks, data centers, medical imaging and surgical systems (such as endoscopy), and aerospace applications.

Coaxial Cable:

Coaxial cables are primarily used for transmitting radio frequency (RF) signals. They are commonly found in cable television (CATV) distribution systems, broadband internet connections (e.g., cable modems), telephone networks, and various radio communication systems, including antenna feeds and networking equipment.

Conclusion

Both optical fiber and coaxial cable serve as essential guided media for signal transmission, but they differ fundamentally in the type of signal they carry—optical fibers transmit light signals, while coaxial cables carry electrical signals. These differences lead to distinct performance characteristics, making each suitable for specific applications. As a result, they are employed in complementary, rather than interchangeable, roles across modern communication and electronic systems.