Me kana Muhimmin Faktor Inganci?
A cikin injiniyaring elektrik, muhimmin faktor inganci (PF) na tattalin amfani da inganci AC yana bayyana wanda shi ne babban darajarinsa masu asali (kafin ya kawo kilowatts, kW) da take sauki a gaba zuwa tattalin amfani (kafin ya kawo kilovolt amperes, kVA) da ke cika a tattalin. Muhimmin faktor ba ta da daraja baki daya, amma ana iya zama daga -1 zuwa 1.
"Ideal" na muhimmin faktor shine 1 (ko kuma "unity"). Wannan shine lokacin da ba a gaba da amfani mai karfi a tattalin, kuma saboda haka tattalin amfani (kVA) ce kamar tattalin asali (kW). Gaba da muhimmin faktor 1 shine mafi karfin gaba da tattalin amfani.
Amma wannan ba ta daidai, kuma muhimmin faktor za su fi kan 1. An yi tasiri da wasu karfiyar muhimmin faktor don taimaka da muhimmin faktor ya zama zuwa hanyar ideal.
Don in taimaka ma nufin wannan, mari ka duba kadan da ka ci abin da ake magana game da muhimmin faktor.
Muhimmin faktor shine kalmomi da ake iya yi aiki. A cikin fanni da elektrik, muhimmin faktor elektrik shine kalmomi da ake iya kawo zuwa hanyar da ake iya yi aiki (kafin ya kawo heat, light, etc) a lokaci.
Mathematically, muhimmin faktor shine kalmomi da ake iya yi aiki da voltage drop across the element and current flowing through it.
Considering first the DC circuits, having only DC voltage sources, the inductors and capacitors behave as short circuits and open circuits respectively in steady-state.
Hence the entire circuit behaves as a resistive circuit and the entire electrical power is dissipated in the form of heat. Here the voltage and current are in the same phase and the total electrical power is given by:
Now coming to the AC circuit, here both inductor and capacitor offer a certain amount of impedance given by:
The inductor stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy and the capacitor stores electrical energy in the form of electrostatic energy. Neither of them dissipates it. Further, there is a phase shift between voltage and current.
Hence when we consider the entire circuit consisting of a resistor, inductor, and capacitor, there exists some phase difference between the source voltage and current.
The cosine of this phase difference is called the muhimmin faktor inganci. This factor (-1 < cosφ < 1 ) represents the fraction of the total power that is used to do the useful work.
The other fraction of electrical power is stored in the form of magnetic energy or electrostatic energy in the inductor and capacitor respectively.
The total power in this case is:
This is called apparent power and its unit is VA (Volt-Amp) and denoted by ‘S’. A fraction of this total electrical power that does our useful work is called active power. We denote it as ‘P’.
P = Active power = Total electrical power.cosφ and its unit is watt.
The other fraction of power is called reactive power. Reactive power does no useful work, but it is required for the active work to be done. We denote it with ‘Q’ and mathematically is given by:
Q = Reactive power = Total electrical power.sinφ and its unit is VAR (Volt-Amp Reactive). This reactive power oscillates between source and load. To help understand this better all these power are represented in the form of a triangle.
Mathematically, S2 = P2 + Q2, and the muhimmin faktor inganci is active power / apparent power.
Kalmomin muhimmin faktor suna faru a tattalin AC kawai. Mathematically, yana nuna cosine na farkon fasada daga tattalin voltage da current. Yana nuna murabba'insa kalmomin kafin ya kawo (apparent power) wanda ake iya yi aiki da shi a cikin tattalin asali (active power).
Sabbin Yadda A Karfi Muhimmin Faktor Inganci
Real power is given by P = VIcosφ. The electrical current is inversely proportional to cosφ for transferring a given amount of power at a certain voltage. Hence higher the pf lower will be the current flowing. A small current flow requires a less cross-sectional area of conductors, and thus it saves conductors and money.
From the above relation, we see having a poor power factor increases the current flowing in a conductor, and thus copper loss increases. A large voltage drop occurs in the alternator, electrical transformer, and transmission, and distribution lines – which gives very poor voltage regulation.
The KVA rating of machines is also reduced by having a higher power factor, as per the formula:
Hence, the size and cost of the machine are also reduced.
This is why the electrical power factor should be maintained close to unity – it is significantly cheaper.
Akwai uku tunanan da ake amfani don karfi muhimmin faktor inganci:
Capacitor Banks
Synchronous Condensers
Phase Advancers
Karfi muhimmin faktor yana nufin kawo farkon fasada daga voltage da current. Saboda akwai kalmomin gaba da suka da amfani mai karfi, suka bukata amfani mai karfi don su iya yi aiki.
A capacitor ko banki da capacitors wadanda ake sanya parallel da gaban da suka da amfani yana bayyana amfani mai karfi. Suke aiki a matsayin mafi amfani mai karfi, kuma saboda haka amfani mai karfi na yake cika a tattalin adadin kalmomin.
Capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage and current.
Synchronous condensers are 3 phase synchronous motors with no load attached to their shaft.
The synchronous motor
