Davpêşan Daxwazan û Çemanên Ew

Fault Current Limiterê bi Sernavkirina

Diha dawîn, li ser bexshandina derandê yên enerjî, piştgiriya hersekî û tayinên elektrikê ya dihewî hatîn wekî birrêz ênî çêtir û hatiye nehatiye. Lâkin, li ser her cîstêmê ya bexshandina elektrik, kurtkirinên zêdetir û pêkhatîn hatine wanek xebelên giran ênî û li ser dema ku piramîna bexshandinê yekdişe dike, etkîyê wone da dike. Xebelên ku ji bo kurtkirina zêdetir ê vêne:

• Sertarî Elektrolik: Seretarên elektrolik naverok bi tevahiyê dike li ser amûre elektrik, ku dikare wereş û werdengê ya serebter û hata ferk û kevirina an.

• Cih û Hesasên Elektrodinamîk: Hejmarê zor û hesasan elektrodinamîk di cihê de biceribînin operasyonê normal ê instrumentan, ku dike tevlî û peywendiyan biberdest bikin.

• Hemîngan Teknolojî û Ekomî: Ji bo parastina cihan lê zedkirina, girekanên circuit breakerê yên destpêker dibane. Ev isteyaz nehatiye heman rûpelên teknolojî û hata malperên ekomîkî.

• Tehlîlk û Peyvend: Tehlîlk û peyvendên ji bo personelan û integritiyê ya infrastrukturê ya elektrik hatine wanek xebelên giran ênî, jiwekî kurtkirinan dikarin tehditên direk be li nav personelan û sistem.

• Komplikeyan Transient Voltage: Kurtkirinan transiente voltage-an ji bo switching operations dike bigerandin, ku bikin wanek mohem û çend bike kontrol bikin.

Li ser bi wan xebelên re, piştgiriya cîstanên zor û teqnikê bi bexshandina kurtkirinan zêdetir hatiye bixwaz. Vê nivîsê jî dibe ku şevên ku propoz kirin û hate implement kirin bi bixebitina etkiyê ya currentên fault.

Şev

Vê li gor ku ji bo wan metodan ê di van demên de ya research û ya di pratikê de ya bikaranîn, bi xebatên wan û karzanê:

• Current Limiting Reactor (CLR): Bi tenê û efektivî li ser currentên fault.

• Solid State Current Limiter: Teknolojî yekemerge ku bixwaziya çêdike dikin, lakin hala li ser phase'ên sernavkirin û developkirin.

• Superconducting Current Limiters: Wan device'an bi miraseyên superconductors limit bikin, û hala li ser phase'ên sernavkirin û developkirin.

• Fuses: Metoda tradisyonel û ya bixebit û efektiv li ser parastina circuits bi keskirina current.

• Busbar Splitting in Substations: Şevî practikal ku bi guherandina configuration ê substations dabe current ê limit bikin.

• Implementation of High Impedance Transformers: Transformeran ê bi impedance ê ya bilind bikin, li ser current ê fault.

• Using Nuclear Reactors for Current Limiting: Ji bo metoda nekonvansiyal, research û explore potential ê nuclear reactors ê bi current-limiting mechanisms.

Li wan teknikyan, solid-state û superconducting devices hala li ser phase'ên developkirin. Li ser implementkirina her cîstemê bi bexebitina problemê ya kurtkirina, du key considerasyonan dikan:

Strategiya bi bexebitina Fault Current Mitigation in Substations and Distribution Networks

Placement and Quantity of Limiting Reactors

Du pyetnameya giran li ser mühendisîya elektrikî li ser optimal placement ê limiting reactors within substations û distribution network, û li ser determine ideal number ê reactors required to effectively manage fault currents. Van decisions demand comprehensive understanding ê characteristics ê electrical system, load requirements, û potential fault scenarios.

Current Limiting Reactor (CLR)

The Current Limiting Reactor stands out as one of the most cost-effective and practical solutions for fault current management. Its impact on substation reliability is minimal, making it a favorable option for many electrical systems. However, it has certain drawbacks. The physical hardware of CLRs is typically large, occupying significant space within the substation. Additionally, the presence of CLRs can lead to a degradation in voltage stability, which must be carefully monitored and managed.

Solid State Fault Current Limiter

Solid State Fault Current Limiters are currently in the research and development phase. They offer the advantage of being relatively easy to integrate into distribution systems. However, their high cost acts as a major deterrent, preventing widespread implementation on a large scale. Researchers are actively working to reduce costs and improve their performance to make them more viable for commercial use.

Fuse

Fuses serve as highly effective and efficient current-interrupting devices, making them suitable for use as current limiters. They are inexpensive and straightforward to install. However, their effectiveness is limited by their rated capacity. For instance, typical fuses may be designed to handle a maximum of 40 kV and 200 A of current, restricting their application in high-voltage and high-current scenarios. High-Rupturing Capacity (HRC) fuses offer improved performance but still have their own limitations.

Busbar Fault Current Limiter

Bus Coupler circuit breakers can be employed as busbar fault current limiters, but they are generally considered a temporary or emergency-response solution. They are not designed to be a permanent fixture within the substation due to their operational characteristics and limitations.

Application of Neutral Reactor

Neutral reactors present another viable option for fault current mitigation, especially when dealing with earth or ground currents. Their design and operation make them particularly effective in specific fault scenarios related to ground-related electrical issues.

Types and Characteristics of Current Limiting Reactors

The Current Limiting Reactor is a widely implemented solution and can be categorized into two main types:

Dry-type CLR

Dry-type CLRs are air-core reactors featuring copper windings. The use of an iron core is avoided because of the risk of saturation, which can compromise the reactor's performance. These reactors are suitable for a variety of applications where environmental conditions are relatively clean and dry.

Oil-type CLR

Oil-type CLRs share many similarities with their dry-type counterparts in terms of basic functionality. However, their key differentiator lies in their application scope. Oil-type CLRs are specifically engineered for use in highly polluted environments. The oil used in these reactors has a higher dielectric constant compared to the air in dry-type reactors, providing enhanced insulation and protection in harsh conditions.

General Specifications of Fault Current Limiting Reactors

Frequency and Voltage: These reactors are designed to operate within a relatively narrow range of frequencies and voltages. Their performance characteristics are optimized for specific electrical system parameters.

Installation Flexibility: Depending on the application requirements, they can be installed either indoors or outdoors. This flexibility allows for greater adaptability in different substation and distribution network setups.

Short-circuit Capacity: They are engineered to handle the short-circuit currents of the electrical systems they are integrated into, providing effective current-limiting capabilities during fault conditions.

Transient Stability and Current Limit Reactors

Transient stability plays a pivotal role in electrical alternating current (AC) power systems. It refers to the ability of multiple synchronous machines within a power system to remain in synchronism following the occurrence of a fault. For example, in a power grid with numerous synchronous motors interconnected, transient stability determines whether these motors can continue to operate in harmony after a sudden electrical disturbance, such as a short circuit. Current limiting reactors can significantly influence transient stability by reducing the magnitude of fault currents, thereby minimizing the mechanical and electrical stresses on the synchronous machines and increasing the likelihood of the system maintaining stability during and after a fault event.

Superconductor-Based Current Limiting Reactors

Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs) offer a highly practical solution for enhancing the transient stability of power systems, effectively balancing both technical and economic considerations. The unique property of superconductors, which exhibit extremely high non-linear resistance, renders them ideal candidates for use as Fault Current Limiters (FCLs).

One of the key advantages of SFCLs lies in the ability of superconductors to rapidly increase their resistance and seamlessly transition from a superconducting state, where electrical resistance is essentially zero, to a normal conducting state. This rapid change in resistance allows the SFCL to quickly respond to fault currents, limiting their magnitude and thereby safeguarding the integrity of the power system.

To better understand the functionality of SFCLs, consider the following example of a motor connected within an electrical system and the strategic placement of a fault current limiter.

Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) exhibits notable parallels with evolutionary computation methods like Genetic Algorithms (GA). At the outset, PSO initializes a population of random candidate solutions within a search space. These solutions, often conceptualized as "particles," then navigate through the search space, iteratively updating their positions and velocities. Through this dynamic process of self-adjustment and interaction with neighboring particles, the system systematically explores the solution space, gradually converging towards optimal or near-optimal solutions.