
Wattmeter-a bi faktora nîşanê dê yek alaht û ya bikar anîn da ku hûn di taybetmendiyên nîşana de hatine pîvan kirin. Piştî ku hûn zêde dikin biafirînin derbarê wattmeter-a bi faktora nîşanê dê (têkildan wattmeter-a elektrodinamîk), pirsa hûn hewce nekin ku hûn bigihîjin çiye ji bo wattmeter-a bi faktora nîşanê dê.
Cavab e basit e: wattmeter-a standart pîvandekan nederbasdar hatine pîvan kirin.
Niha divê divêstîn du sîtinên serpilîn ku hûn ne bikarin wattmeter-a navçeyî ji bo pîvanîna faktora nîşanê:
Nirxa giranbîna torque ên piçavkir e, heta tu hûn qotillên current û pressure full excite bikin.
Çewtî yên li ser inductance ya qotilla pressure.
Divêstîn du sîtinên serpilîn jî pîvandekan nederbasdar hatine pîvan kirin, belkî hûn nedebikin wattmeter-a navçeyî ji bo pîvanîna faktora nîşanê.
Bistîma, hûn dikarin wattmeter-a elektrodinamîk ya guhertin û wattmeter-a bi faktora nîşanê dê bikarin ji bo pîvanîna faktora nîşanê.
Ideally, hûn dikarin faktora nîşanê biguheztin ji bo faktor correction. Lakin demê neyê şopandin ku hûn faktora nîşanê biguheztin (ji ber çewtî yên teknîkî û pargîrdnayış).
Niha hûn dikarin pirsgirina wê ku hûn dibin guheztin. Ew dikarin wergerandin birbiran:
(1) Direksiyonî ya qotilla pressure ya wattmeter-a navçeyî diguhertin ji bo direksiyonê ya wekî kêm ku hûn dikarin current di circuita qotilla pressure de bigihîjin, lê hûn dikarin pîvanîna faktora nîşanê.
Di kategorîya yekan de hûn dikarin hêtên qotilla pressure ji bo supply side (i.e. current coil is in series with the load). Voltageya supply ekuvalant e ku voltageya across qotilla pressure. Li vir wê hûn dikarin pîvanîna wattmeter-a ekuvalant e ku power loss di load de û power loss di qotilla current de.
Di kategorîya duyeman de, qotilla current nînav navçeyî û voltageya across qotilla pressure nisht ekuvalant e ku applied voltage.
Voltageya across qotilla pressure ekuvalant e ku voltageya across load. Pîvanîna wattmeter-a duyeman ekuvalant e ku power loss di load de û power loss di qotilla pressure de.
Li vir wê hûn dikarin pêşkêşkirin ku di her du kategorîyan de hûn dikarin hêvekarên çewtî yên wan, lê hûn dikarin guheztin.
Circuit modified di vir wê de:
Hûn dikarin qotilla compensating bikin, ew dikarin current ekuvalant e ku sum of two currents i.e. load current plus pressure coil current.
Qotilla pressure dikarin şerîn kirin ku field produced by the compensating coil opposed by the field produced by the pressure coil as shown in the above circuit diagram.
Li vir wê net field dikarin li ser current I tenê. Li vir wê hûn dikarin errors caused by pressure coil neutralized bikin.
(2) Hûn dikarin qotilla compensating di circuit de bikin ji bo low wattmeter-a faktora nîşanê dê. Ew dikarin modification duyeman eku hûn dikarin detail di vir wê de afirandin.
(3) Niha point three deals with the compensation of the inductance of the pressure coil, which can be achieved by doing modification in the above circuit.
Niha hûn dikarin expression for the correction factor for pressure coil inductance derive bikin. Û ji bo vê correction factor, hûn dikarin expression for error due to the inductance of the pressure coil derive bikin.
If we consider the inductance of the pressure coil we don’t have voltage across pressure in phase with the applied voltage.
Hence in that case it lags by an angle
Where, R is electrical resistance in series with pressure coil, rp is pressure coil resistance, here we also conclude that the current in the current coil is also lagging by some angle with the current in pressure coil. And this angle is given by C = A – b. At this time reading of the voltmeter is given by
Where, Rp is (rp+R) and x is angle. If we ignore the effect of the inductance of pressure i.e putting b = 0 we have expression for true power as
On taking the ratio of equations (2) and (1) we have an expression for correction factor as written below:
And from this correction factor error can be calculated as
On substituting the value of correction factor and taking suitable approximation we have an expression for error as VIsin(A)*tan(b).
Now we know that the error caused by pressure coil inductance is given by the expression e = VIsin(A) tan(b), if the power factor is low (i.e in our case the value of φ is large hence we have a large error).
Thus in order to avoid this situation, we have connected the variable series resistance with a capacitor as shown in the above figure.
This final modified circuit so obtained is called the low power factor meter.
A modern low power factor meter is designed such that it gives high accuracy while measuring power factors even lower than 0.1.
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