Lampên Halîd Metallî: Gûrçêna Birêk
Lampî halî metalyî ek tîpa lampa bêzdekirî ya zafiyeyê û (HID) ye ku di navbera gazî da vapedar kirin da ra merkûr û halî metalyî de dîsa elektrîkî jêrîn derbas dikin. Halî metalyî kompoyanên metalyî ne bi brom û iodîn n. Lampî halî metalyî hêsanî çendbîjarkirina derbasê, serhildana reng û dema ewlekariya dirêj gotin. Wan zorî her wekî rengdanê yên endamî, endamî, û cihanî bikaranîn, wêçend pazarî, endamyekî, û mekanên publik, parkî, arena sporty, fabrik û dukanan, û heke rengdanê rêxistinê malikanî û şapikên motora.
Çi ye lampî halî metalyî?
Lampî halî metalyî dikevîne ji bo lampa elektrîkî ye ku di navbera gazî da vapedar kirin da ra merkûr û halî metalyî de dîsa elektrîkî jêrîn derbas dikin. Dîsa elektrîkî di navbera du elktrodan de di tube kvarça ya bicik û keramika de were çêkirin, ku di navbera gav bolca serba yekra ke li vir anîn coating-ek e ku ultraviolet light produced ê wergerand. Tube arc di presiyonê ya bilind de 4 ta 20 atmosfer û di temperaturê ya bilind de 1000 K de operasyon dikin.
Halî metalyî yên di lampada bikaranîn in genelî sodium iodide, indium iodide, û thallium iodide. Wan kompozan hêsanîya efektivîya û serhildana rengê derbasê biguherînin bi rengda orange û reds derbas bikin ji spectrum SODIUM D line û green di spectrum thallium line de wan ion metalyî ionize bikin. Kompozan halî metalyî yên çend pir kêmtirin bikaranîn in sodium iodide. Halî metalyî yên weha da stabîlîya dîsa û kamkirina flickeringa derbasê biguherînin.
Lampî halî metalyî hêsanîya çendbîjarkirina derbasê di navbera 75 ta 100 lumens per watt, ku ji dîsa merkury vapor lamps û 3 ta 5 jorî hatman incandescent lamps. Wan hêsanîya serhildana rengê (CRI) di navbera 65 ta 95, ku demek e ku wan bi tevlî rengên biguheztin. Lampî halî metalyî dema ewlekariya di navbera 6,000 ta 15,000 hours, bêyî tîpa û wattageya lamp.
Çi wan lampî halî metalyî bûyer?
Lampî halî metalyî Charles Proteus Steinmetz 1912an bûyer, lê wan 1960an derbarayê dest pê bikar ne hilan. Dr. Reiling ji General Electric yekan ji pioneran in ku lampî halî metalyî 1960an çêkir. Ew sodium iodide bixweber bike bi halî metalyî di lampada. Dara xwer, yekan din din bigerandin bi halî metalyî yên din, wêçend indium iodide, thallium iodide, scandium iodide, û dysprosium iodide.
Çi lampî halî metalyî werekar?
Lampî halî metalyî werekar dikevîne bi dîsa elektrîkî jêrîn di navbera du elektrodan de di tube arc de ku li navbera gas mixture ya vapedar merkûr û halî metalyî de. Tube arc piştgirî dike electrical ballast ku reguleye voltage û current supplied to the lamp.
Ji ber vê lamp î rove, dîsa yekem nehilî çêkirin lê gas pressure û temperature inside the arc tube too low. Ji bo destpêka lamp, auxiliary electrode û starter electrode near one of the main electrodes initial discharge between them create. A bimetal switch shorts the starter electrode to the main electrode just at the time of starting.
Initial discharge heats up the gas mixture inside the arc tube and ionizes some of the argon gas and mercury vapor. This creates a low-intensity arc between the main electrodes that gradually increases in brightness and temperature as more gas molecules are ionized.
As the arc temperature rises, the metal halides vaporize and diffuse from the wall into the arc stream. Then they dissociate and yield free metal and iodine atoms. The metal atoms produce most of the light output by emitting visible radiation when they return to their ground state after being excited by the electric arc.
The different metal halides vaporize at different rates depending on their vapor pressure and energy level configuration. Generally, indium iodide vaporizes first and forms a blue sheath around the mercury arc. Then thallium iodide vaporizes and forms a yellow sheath around the indium sheath. Finally, sodium iodide vaporizes and adds orange and red to the spectrum.
The lamp reaches its full light output after about 5 minutes of warming up. During this time, the color temperature and CRI of the lamp change as more metal halides are vaporized.
Çiyan komponentan lampî halî metalyî?
Lampî halî metalyî ji komponentan yên bêtirî dan ku bersama derbas bikin. Wan komponentan in:
Glass bulb: Ev outer envelope ye ku arc tube encloses û protects it from air û moisture. It also has a coating to filter out the ultraviolet light produced by the arc.
Arc tube: Ev small fused quartz or ceramic tube ye ku contains the electrodes û the gas mixture of vaporized mercury û metal halides. It operates at a high pressure û temperature.
Electrodes: These are two tungsten rods that are sealed into opposite ends of the arc tube. They create an electric arc between them when current flows through them.
Starter electrode: Ev auxiliary electrode ye ku attached to one of the main electrodes or to a glass stem near them. It creates an initial discharge between itself and another electrode to start the lamp. The starter electrode has a high resistance to limit the current at the initial arc.
Glass stem: Ev glass tube ye ku connects the arc tube to the base of the lamp. It also holds the molybdenum wires that carry the current to the electrodes.
Molybdenum wires: These are thin metal wires that are fused into the arc tube and the glass stem. They are non-magnetic and have a high melting point. They transmit the current to the electrodes and seal the arc tube from air and moisture.
Base: Ev part of the lamp ye ku connects to the socket or lamp holder. It can have different shapes and sizes depending on the type and wattage of the lamp. Some common base types are E26, E39, G12, G8.5, GX10, RX7s, and RX7s-24.
Gas mixture: Ev combination of argon gas, mercury vapor, and metal halides ye ku fills the arc tube. The argon gas helps to start the lamp and maintain a low arc voltage. The mercury vapor provides most of the ultraviolet radiation that excites the metal atoms. The metal halides add visible radiation and improve the color rendition of the light.
Çiyan pelan û minasan lampî halî metalyî?
Lampî halî metalyî hêsanî pelan û minasan hene ji bo yekê di navbera types of lamps. Some of them are:
Pelan
High luminous efficacy: Metal halide lamps can produce more light per watt than incandescent lamps and most fluorescent lamps. They can reach up to 100 lumens per watt for some types of lamps.
High color rendering index: Metal halide lamps can reproduce colors accurately with a CRI of 65 to 95. They can also produce a range of color temperatures from warm white to daylight white, depending on the type and wattage of the lamp.
Long lifespan: Metal halide lamps can last up to 15,000 hours for some types of lamps, which is longer than incandescent lamps and comparable to fluorescent lamps.
Small size: Metal halide lamps are small compared to incandescent and fluorescent lamps with the same light output. This makes them suitable for compact and efficient fixtures and applications.
