Makarantar Kirkiro Da Dukkirƙe

A mai gudana shine mutanen da ake amfani da su don kawo zafi a kan abubuwa daga baya zuwa farko. Mai gudana sun fi yawa da shi a wurare masu amfani, kamar kawon kable, kable mai gudana, alama mai gudana, kable mai sauya, kuma tushen masu inganta. A wannan takardan, za a iya duba cikakken mai gudana, kafin da suke, misalai, kuma amfani.

Mai Gudana na Nauyi?

Mai gudana na nauyi shine mutanen da ke da elektron da kuma ion da ke gudana zafi a lokacin da ake amfani da sararin elektriki. Kyakkyawan mutanen a gudana zafi na nauyi. Zaman lafiya na mai gudana shine mai gudamta, wanda ba ke da elektron ko ion da ke gudana zafi.

Kyakkyawan mutanen a gudana zafi ta gina da wasu abubuwa, kamar kimiyyar, jiki, kaka, da kuma abubuwan gargajiya. Da kyau, hanyoyin da ke da kyakkyawan elektron da ke gudana a kan sararin da suka fi. Misalai na hanyoyin da ke gudana sun hada da silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, kuma graphite. Hanyoyin da ba su gudana ba ne saboda ba suka da kyakkyawan elektron da ke gudana a kan sararin da suka fi. Misalai na hanyoyin da ba su gudana ba sun hada da rubber, glass, wood, plastic, kuma air.

Wasu mutanen suna da kyakkyawan gudana na wasu bayan mai gudana da kuma mai gudamta. Wadannan suna da sunan mai gudana na wasu, kuma ana amfani da su a wurare electronics da computer technology. Misalai na mai gudana na wasu sun hada da silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, kuma carbon nanotubes.

Abubuwan Mai Gudana na Nauyi

Mai gudana na nauyi suna da wasu abubuwan da suke faru a lokacin da suke da kyau. Wadannan abubuwan sun hada da:

• Resistance: Resistance shine abubuwan da ke nuna yadda mai gudana ya fada waɗanda ke gudana zafi. Yana gina da abubuwan da ke cika daga material, kamar resistivity, tsakiyar, area, da kuma jiki. Resistivity shine abubuwan da ke cika daga material wanda ke nuna resistance per unit length and area. Yana da shi da kusa da conductivity. Mai gudana suna da low resistivity da low resistance, sai dai mai gudamta suna da high resistivity da high resistance. Resistance yana ba da zafi a kan energy da ke gudana a kan mai gudana. Wannan shine Joule heating ko ohmic heating.

• Inductance: Inductance shine abubuwan da ke nuna yadda mai gudana ya fada waɗanda ke gudana zafi. Yana gina da abubuwan da ke cika daga shape, size, orientation, da kuma arrangement of the conductor. Inductance yana ba da magnetic field a kan mai gudana a lokacin da zafi ke gudana. Wannan magnetic field zai iya ba da electromotive force (EMF) a kan mai gudana ko nearby conductors wanda ke fada waɗanda ke gudana. Wannan shine self-inductance ko mutual inductance, respectively. Inductance yana taimaka da distribution of current and voltage drop a kan mai gudana a lokacin da ake amfani da ita don alternating current (AC) supply.

• Sararin elektriki a cikin mai gudana ba ce ba: Sararin elektriki a cikin mai gudana ba ce ba saboda any electric field zai ba da force a kan free electrons da zai yan gaba har zuwa equilibrium. A lokacin da suke da kyau, net force a kan free electrons ba ce ba, kuma ba su gudana ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba da potential difference a cikin mai gudana, kuma duka points suna da kyau. Wannan abubuwan yana taimaka da mai gudana suke da electrostatic shielding of electrical equipment.

• Charge density a cikin mai gudana ba ce ba: Charge density a cikin mai gudana ba ce ba saboda any charge zai ba da electric field wanda zai fada same charge to the surface of the conductor. The mutual electrostatic repulsion between like charges (electrons) pushes them to the outer surface of the conductor, where they can be as far apart as possible. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba da charge a cikin mai gudana, kuma only free charge exists on the surface.

• Free charge exists only on the surface of the conductor: As discussed above, the free charge (electrons) does not exist inside the conductor but only on its surface due to electrostatic repulsion. The amount and distribution of free charge on the surface depend on the shape and size of the conductor and the external electric field applied to it.

• Sararin elektriki a kan surface of the conductor yana da normal to the surface: Sararin elektriki a kan surface of a perfect conductor yana da normal (perpendicular) to the surface because any tangential component would cause the free electrons to move along the surface until they cancel out the tangential component. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba da parallel component of an electric field at the surface, and only a normal component exists.

Kafa Mai Gudana na Nauyi

Mai gudana na nauyi suna da wasu kafa da suke amfani da su don structure, composition, behavior, and application. Wasu kafa da suke amfani da su sun hada da:

• Metallic conductors: These are conductors made of metals or alloys that have high conductivity due to their free electrons. They are widely used for wiring, transmission lines, electrical machines, electrical contacts, etc. Some examples are silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), etc.

• Ionic conductors: These are conductors made of ionic compounds that have high conductivity due to their free ions when they are dissolved in water or melted into a liquid state. They are used for electrolysis, batteries, fuel cells, etc. Some examples are sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), etc.

• Molecular conductors: These are conductors made of molecules that have high conductivity due to their delocalized electrons or molecular orbitals that can overlap with each other. They are used for organic electronics, nanotechnology, etc. Some examples are graphite ©, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), polyacetylene (PA), etc.

• Superconductors: These are conductors that have zero resistance and infinite conductivity when they are cooled below a certain critical temperature. They also exhibit other phenomena, such as the Meissner effect, persistent current, quantum levitation, etc. They are used for superconducting magnets, quantum computers, medical imaging, etc. Some examples are mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO), etc.

Amfani da Mai Gudana na Nauyi

Mai gudana na nauyi suna da wasu amfani a wurare science, engineering, and technology. Wasu amfani da suke amfani da su sun hada da:

• Wiring: Wiring shine amfani da take daidai a yi da mai gudana. It involves connecting different electrical devices or components with wires made of metallic conductors such as copper or aluminum. Wiring allows electricity to flow from one point to another with minimal loss or interference.

• Transmission lines: Transmission lines shine specialized wires or cables that carry high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) or direct current (HVDC) over long distances from power plants to substations or consumers. Transmission lines use metallic conductors such as aluminum or steel reinforced with a steel core or optical fibers. Transmission lines allow efficient transmission of electricity with minimal loss or interference.

• Electrical machines: Electrical machines shine devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. They include motors, generators, transformers, etc.