Kusurfi ko Zabba Solar
Takaitaccen
Aiki mai zurfi (PV) yana nuna abu mai zama kimiyya da ya yi ladda daga tufafi zuwa energy mai tsari. Tsarin da aiki mai zurfi yake sa ta shafi hoton tufafi. Kalmar "photovoltaic" tana nuna hali na aiki na da ita a yi tsari ("voltaic") daga tufafi ("photo").
A cikin abubuwa masu kimiyya, electrons suna da take da covalent bonds. Electromagnetic radiation ana gudanar da dabamai mai tsari kamar photons. Idan photons suka rasa abubuwan kimiyya, electrons suna samu energy kuma suna fara faɗi.
Waɗannan electrons masu energy suna nufin photoelectrons, kuma alamun electrons suka fara faɗi ana nufin photoelectric effect. Aiki mai zurfi yana neman hakan.
Girman Aiki Mai Zurfi
Abubuwan kimiyya kamar arsenide, indium, cadmium, silicon, selenium, da gallium ana amfani da su don yi PV cells. Silicon da selenium ne suke amfani da su don girman cells.
Har zuwa cikin girman aiki mai zurfi mai silicon:
Aiki mai zurfi masu kalmomi ana yi daga monocrystalline ko polycrystalline abubuwan kimiyya.
Monocrystalline cells suna koyar da single crystal ingot, idan polycrystalline cells suna koyar da abubuwan kimiyya masu kalmomin crystal structures.
Voltage da current masu aiki mai zurfi mai kalmomi suna da ma'ana mai kalmomi, musamman around 0.6V da 0.8A respectively. Don in iya kara hankali, ana yi cells a fannoni da dama. Akwai uku fannoni masu muhimmanci don yi PV cells:
Parallel Combination of PV Cells
A cikin fannonin parallel, voltage across the cells yana bane haka, amma total current yana duba (ko zama da adadin cells). Characteristic curve of parallel-connected PV cells yana bayyana a nan.
Series-Parallel Combination of PV Cells
A cikin fannonin series-parallel, voltage da current yana zama da adadin cells. Solar panels suna koyar da wannan fannonin cells don in iya samu power output mai yawa.
Solar module yana koyar da connecting individual solar cells. Assembly of multiple solar modules yana nufin solar panel.
Aiki Mai Zurfi
Idan tufafi suka rasa abubuwan kimiyya, zai iya dole ko zai ci gaba. Aiki mai zurfi suna koyar da semiconductors—abubuwan kimiyya masu hanyar da ba su da conductors ko insulators. Wannan halin yana taimaka su don in ba su iya samun energy mai tsari daga tufafi zuwa energy mai tsari.
Idan abubuwan kimiyya suka ci gaba tufafi, electrons suka fara faɗi. Wannan yana faruwa saboda tufafi ana gudanar da dabamai mai tsari kamar photons. Idan electrons suka ci gaba photons, suka samu energy kuma suka fara faɗi a cikin abubuwan kimiyya. Internal electric field yana kare waɗannan particles suka fara faɗi a hagu, don in ba su iya samun current. Metallic electrodes on the semiconductor yana taimaka current suka fara faɗi.
Figure below depicts a silicon PV cell connected to a resistive load. The cell comprises P-type and N-type semiconductor layers joined to form a PN junction.
Junction yana nufin interface between the p-type and n-type materials. Idan tufafi suka rasa junction, electrons suka fara faɗi daga birnin zuwa birnin.
How are Solar Cells Installed in a Solar Power Plant?
Devices such as maximum power point trackers (MPPTs), inverters, charge controllers, and batteries are used to convert solar radiation into electrical voltage.
Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)
An MPPT is a specialized digital controller that tracks the sun's position. Since PV cell efficiency depends on sunlight intensity, which varies throughout the day due to Earth's rotation, MPPTs adjust the panel's orientation to maximize light absorption and power output.
Charge Controller
A charge controller regulates the voltage from the solar panel and prevents battery overcharging or overvoltage, ensuring safe and efficient energy storage.
Inverter
An inverter converts direct current (DC) from the panels into alternating current (AC) for use with standard appliances, which typically require AC power.
