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Daɗi wani ƙaramin da ya shafi tsari a gaba da duwatsu mafi girma ga IEC 62305 da Amfani da Rotonin Gagarwa don samun inganci ga duwatsu na wuraren masana'antu kamar kaya da kasa da kuma yanayin tattalin arziki. Tsarin Bayanai Na'urar Karamin Zaka iya zuba na'urar karamin a cikin sashe: - Karamin Tsohon (DC) : Ana amfani da shi a cikin sashe na PV ta solar ko kuma abubuwan da ke amfani da karamin tsohon - Karamin Yawan Janar (AC Single-Phase) : Wannan yana da muhimmanci a cikin tasiri na karamin tashar jama'a Lakar: Wannan bayanin yana da muhimmanci don koyar hanyoyin magana, amma bai canza ainihin tsari ba. Magana Zaka iya zuba hanyoyin magana: - Sassan/Karamin : Zuba sassan da karamin masu ala - Karamin/Tsaro : Zuba karamin da tsaron lalace Bayanin: Wannan yana iya amfani a cikin babban kudaden (kamar karamin tsafta ko karamin da aka fada), amma bai canza ainihin tsari ba. Aura na Duwatsu A Aura na duwatsu mafi girma, a mita (m) ko sentimita (cm). Yana da kyau a zuba duwatsu mafi girma, wanda yake da ainihin tsari na faduwar. Aura na Duwatsu B Aura na duwatsu na biyu, a cikin misali na mafi girma. Idan duwatsuna suna da aura daban-daban, wannan yana da ainihin tsari na daban-daban. Faduwa A Duka Duwatsu Biyu Faduwa na duk da duwatsu biyu, a mita (m), ana kiran da (d). Amfani da rukuni: \( d \leq 1.5 \times (h_1 + h_2) \), idan bai canza ainihin tsari ba. Aura na Abubuwa da Ke Tsara Aura na wurare ko abubuwan da ke tsara, a mita (m). Wannan balu bai fi yawa a cikin ainihin tsari na faduwar ba. Bayanan Amfani Zaka iya amfani da duwatsu da suka da aura daban-daban don koyar hanyoyin magana Girma faduwa da zaka iya zuba ita zai iya fi kawo 1.5 da suka da jami'ar aura na duwatsu biyu Yakin da abubuwan da ke tsara suna da aura da yake da ainihin tsari na faduwar Idan an yi abubuwan da ke da muhimmanci, zaka iya amfani da duwatsu uku ko kuma amfani da sashe na karamin tsafta

Abokan resistance da kyau a cikin voltage, current, power, ko impedance a AC/DC circuits. “Tendency of a body to oppose the passage of an electric current.” Principle of Calculation Based on Ohm's Law and its derivatives: ( R = frac{V}{I} = frac{P}{I^2} = frac{V^2}{P} = frac{Z}{text{Power Factor}} ) Where: R : Resistance (Ω) V : Voltage (V) I : Current (A) P : Power (W) Z : Impedance (Ω) Power Factor : Ratio of active to apparent power (0–1) Parameters Current Type Direct Current (DC) : Current flows steadily from positive to negative pole. Alternating Current (AC) : Direction and amplitude vary periodically with constant frequency. Single-phase system : Two conductors — one phase and one neutral (zero potential). Two-phase system : Two phase conductors; neutral is distributed in three-wire systems. Three-phase system : Three phase conductors; neutral is included in four-wire systems. Voltage Difference in electric potential between two points. Input method: • Single-phase: Enter Phase-Neutral voltage • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter Phase-Phase voltage Current Flow of electric charge through a material, measured in amperes (A). Power Electric power supplied or absorbed by a component, measured in watts (W). Power Factor Ratio of active power to apparent power: ( cos phi ), where ( phi ) is the phase angle between voltage and current. Value ranges from 0 to 1. Pure resistive load: 1; inductive/capacitive loads: < 1. Impedance Total opposition to alternating current flow, including resistance and reactance, measured in ohms (Ω).

Active power, also known as real power, is the portion of electrical power that performs useful work in a circuit—such as producing heat, light, or mechanical motion. Measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), it represents the actual energy consumed by a load and is the basis for electricity billing. This tool calculates active power based on voltage, current, power factor, apparent power, reactive power, resistance, or impedance. It supports both single-phase and three-phase systems, making it ideal for motors, lighting, transformers, and industrial equipment. Parameter Description Parameter Description Current Type Select circuit type: • Direct Current (DC): Constant flow from positive to negative pole • Single-phase AC: One live conductor (phase) + neutral • Two-phase AC: Two phase conductors, optionally with neutral • Three-phase AC: Three phase conductors; four-wire system includes neutral Voltage Electric potential difference between two points. • Single-phase: Enter **Phase-Neutral voltage** • Two-phase / Three-phase: Enter **Phase-Phase voltage** Current Flow of electric charge through a material, unit: Amperes (A) Power Factor Ratio of active power to apparent power, indicating efficiency. Value between 0 and 1. Ideal value: 1.0 Apparent Power Product of RMS voltage and current, representing total power supplied. Unit: Volt-Ampere (VA) Reactive Power Energy alternately flowing in inductive/capacitive components without conversion to other forms. Unit: VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) Resistance Opposition to DC current flow, unit: Ohm (Ω) Impedance Total opposition to AC current, including resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Unit: Ohm (Ω) Calculation Principle The general formula for active power is: P = V × I × cosφ Where: - P: Active power (W) - V: Voltage (V) - I: Current (A) - cosφ: Power factor Other common formulas: P = S × cosφ P = Q / tanφ P = I² × R P = V² / R Example: If voltage is 230V, current is 10A, and power factor is 0.8, then active power is: P = 230 × 10 × 0.8 = 1840 W Usage Recommendations Monitor active power regularly to assess equipment efficiency Use data from energy meters to analyze consumption patterns and optimize usage Consider harmonic distortion when dealing with nonlinear loads (e.g., VFDs, LED drivers) Active power is the basis for electricity billing, especially under time-of-use pricing schemes Combine with power factor correction to improve overall energy efficiency Kwakwa da karkara, ko kuma kwakwa da karkara mai yawa, shine babban baki na nafin karkara wanda ya yi aiki a cikin kyautar karkara — kamar tsabta, harsuna, ko hakkin abinci. Ana sani a watt (W) ko kilowatt (kW), wanda ya nuna nafin karkara da aka fi shirya da yanayi da ke gida da ta zama muhimmiyar tushen fitaccen adadin karkara. Karin magana ne ya kasuwa masu kwakwa da karkara daga fassara, karamin karkara, kashi, kwakwa da karkara mai amfani, kwakwa da karkara mai amfani, karamin karkara, ko karamin karkara. Yana taimaka wa karkara da karkara mai uku da karkara da karkara biyu, wanda ya zama daidai da motoci, harsuna, mafi kyau, da kuma kayan aiki. Ta bayyana Masu Karatu Parameter Description Masana Karkara Za su iya zaɓi masana karkara: • Karkara Mai Tsari (DC): Tsarin da ya ci gaba da kullum min tsumma zuwa min haske • Karkara Mai Kyau Da Karkara Mai Uku: Karkara mai kyau (kyau) + karkara mai haske • Karkara Mai Biyu Da Karkara Mai Uku: Karkara mai biyu, kadan da karkara mai haske • Karkara Mai Uku Da Karkara Mai Uku: Karkara mai uku; karkara mai uku da karkara mai haske Fassara Farkon fassara daga birnin biyu. • Karkara Mai Kyau: Zaka iya faɗa **Fassara Kyau-Haska** • Karkara Mai Biyu / Karkara Mai Uku: Zaka iya faɗa **Fassara Kyau-Kyau** Karkara Tsunan karkara har da kaya, unit: Amper (A) Kashi Abubuwan karkara da karkara mai amfani, wanda ya nuna darasi. Daina karkara bayan 0 da 1. Daban-daban da ya danganta: 1.0 Kwakwa da karkara mai amfani Dabbobi da fassara da karkara, wanda ya nuna jumla na karkara da aka bayyana. Unit: Volt-Ampere (VA) Kwakwa da karkara mai amfani Nafin karkara da ya ci gaba a cikin kompain da karkara mai amfani ba ta haɗa da dukamtar abubuwan da duka. Unit: VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive) Karamin karkara Babban tsaron da karkara mai tsari, unit: Ohm (Ω) Karamin karkara Jumla na babban tsaron da karkara mai uku, sama da karamin karkara, karamin karkara, da karamin karkara. Unit: Ohm (Ω) Sauran Kula Kula da take daidaito da kwakwa da karkara shine: P = V × I × cosφ Me: - P: Kwakwa da karkara (W) - V: Fassara (V) - I: Karkara (A) - cosφ: Kashi Wasu kula da ake amfani da su: P = S × cosφ P = Q / tanφ P = I² × R P = V² / R Misali: Idan fassara ce 230V, karkara ce 10A, da kashi ce 0.8, maka kwakwa da karkara ce: P = 230 × 10 × 0.8 = 1840 W Tambayarwar Amfani Tambaya kwakwa da karkara daidai don tuntuɓi darasiyan kayan aiki Amfani da bayanan karatuwar karkara don tuntubi masu amfani da karkara da kuma zama daidai Yana da ma'ana a kan karkara mai amfani ba da karkara mai amfani (misali, VFDs, LED drivers) Kwakwa da karkara shine muhimmin tushen fitaccen adadin karkara, musamman idan ana samun adadin karkara a lokacin daɗi Haɗa da kashi da karkara don zama daidai wa karkara da karkara

An kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi shi ne mai girma a cikin manyan hanyoyin karamin AC, bili ba a yi ƙarfi da sa ta hanyar zama wani abu. Idan ba a yi ƙarfi da ita, amma yana da muhimmanci wajen ci gaba damar tsari da nasarorin tsari. Yawan: Volt-Ampere Reactive (VAR). Bayanin Paramita Abu na Hanyar Zaɓe abu na hanyar: - Hanyar Tsohon Karamin (DC) : Mai girma duka lokacin da ya faru daga faduwar zuwa faduwar mafi yawa; babu kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi - Hanyar Manyan Hanyoyi (AC) : Yan faru tushen da girman shi a wasu lokaci da rike daidai Tashin hanyoyi: - Tsohu: Biyu na hanyoyi (tsoho + tsohon mutum) - Biyar: Biyu na hanyoyin tsoho; tsohon mutum yana iya zama - Uku: Uku na hanyoyin tsoho; tashin uku na hanyoyi yana da tsohon mutum La'akari: Kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi yana da suka a cikin manyan hanyoyin karamin AC. Dambar Tsari Dabara na farko da na biyu. - Don tsohu: Shiga dambar tsari na tsoho-tsohon mutum - Don biyar ko uku: Shiga dambar tsari na tsoho-tsoho Hanyar Girman adadin da ke faru a cikin abu, ana sha'awa a kan ampere (A). Kaɗaƙi na Ƙarfi Kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi da aka fi shi a kan adadin da ya yi ƙarfi (misali, yanayi, ƙarfin harka). Yawan: Watts (W) Tsumpti: P = V × I × cosφ Amfani Da Kaɗaƙi Na Ƙarfi Jamiyar dambar tsari da hanyar, wanda ya nuna jamiyar kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi da aka bayar. Yawan: Volt-Ampere (VA) Tsumpti: S = V × I Factorin Kaɗaƙi Na Ƙarfi Nisa ga kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi da amfani da kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi, wanda ya nuna daidaitaccen amfani da kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi. Tsumpti: PF = P / S = cosφ idi φ shine tushen dambar tsari da hanyar. Yawan yana haɗa daga 0 zuwa 1. Maimaita Maimaita ga girman hanyar saboda halayyarsa, girman, da ingantacinsa. Yawan: Ohm (Ω) Tsumpti: R = ρ × l / A Amfani Da Maimaita Jamiyar maimaita ga hanyar da kuma maimaita na hanyar da maimaita na hanyar. Yawan: Ohm (Ω) Tsumpti: Z = √(R² + (XL - XC)²) Tsarin Amfani Da Kaɗaƙi Na Ƙarfi Kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi \( Q \) yana amfani don shiga shi: Q = V × I × sinφ ko: Q = √(S² - P²) Idan: - S: Amfani da kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi (VA) - P: Kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi (W) - φ: Tushen dambar tsari da hanyar Idan an samu hanyar da take ƙarƙashin, Q > 0 (yanke kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi); idan an samu hanyar da take magance, Q < 0 (bayar kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi). Shawarwari Don Amfani Fatorin kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi mai yawa yana kasance maƙasun kaɗaƙi da dambar tsari a cikin manyan hanyoyin karamin AC Akawarren kamba suna amfani da bankin kamba a cikin masanin gwamnati don tabbatar da kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi Yi amfani da wannan alaƙa don shiga kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi daga dambar tsari, hanyar, da fatorin kaɗaƙi na ƙarfi