ניתוח סיבות לאובדן קו חשמל וطرق להפחתת האובדן

בבניית רשתות חשמל, עלינו להתמקד במציאות ולהקים תכנון של רשת המתאים לצרכים שלנו. עלינו להפחית את ההפסדים בחשמל לרמה המינימלית, לחסוך בהשקעות משאבים חברתיים ולשפר באופן כולל את התועלת הכלכלית של סין. מחלקות האספקה והחשמל הרלוונטיות צריכות גם להגדיר יעדי עבודה שממוקדים בהפחתת אובדן החשמל בצורה יעילת, לענות לצעידות חיסכון באנרגיה לבנות תועלת כלכלית וחברתית ירוקה לסין.

1. מצב התפתחות החשמל בסין כיום

כיום, החיים היומיומיים של אנשים אינם ניתנים להפרדת אספקת חשמל. חשמל הוא מקור הכוח עבור המתקנים המודרניים והבסיס לחיים ומלאכה של האנשים. עם זאת, בסין ישנה שיעור גבוה של בזבוז חשמל. למשל, הכבלים הצפופים מעל הבניינים, מיזוגי האוויר הפועלים לאורך כל השנה בארגונים גדולים וקטנים, והמכשירים החשמליים בעוצמה גבוהה במפעלים כולם גורמים לשימוש יתר בחשמל. בנוסף, רוב המעגלים בסין פועלים בטעינה עודפת לאורך זמן רב, מה שגורם גם הוא לצריכת אנרגיה יתרה. לכן, אובדן החשמל הפך לאחד מהבעיות הדחופות לפתרון בסין.

2. הגורמים לאובדן חשמל

2.1 אובדן חשמל הנגרם מגורמים טכניים

2.1.1 אובדן טעינה של מעגל

בציוד חשמלי (כולל כבלים, קווי הפצה, מכווני מתח, ממריצים, ממספים סינכרוניים, קווי העברה וכו'), אובדן נחושת, שינויים בצריכת אנרגיה עקב טעינת מעגל עודפת ואובדן במעגל זרם של מדדי חשמל כולם גורמים לאובדן אנרגיה.

2.1.2 ציוד רשת חשמל שאינו מתאים

הגדלת אובדן הציוד של הרשת, פיצוי לא מאוזן בין עקביות לשפל, ופיצוי לא הגיוני עבור כוח ריאקטיבי נמוך יובילו לצריכת אנרגיה יתרה ברשת הפצה, טעינת שלושה פאזה עודפת ברשתות נמוכות, עלייה בזרם נייטרלי וקצב גבוה יותר של אובדן הרשת.

2.1.3 אובדן יתר של ציוד חשמל

במהלך פעילות כללית של הרבה מכשירי חשמל, פעולות עם קו חי יגרמו לאובדן חשמל כגון אובדן ברזל בממריצים/מכווני מתח ואובדן בבודדים.

2.1.4 אובדן קו העברה

במקומות רבים, בעיות כגון הזדקנות קו, חתכים של מוליכים שאינם תקניים, פעילות טעינה ממושכת של קווים, תכנון לא תקין של רשת העברה, הפצה לא הגיונית של קווים, וספק חשמל מעוקל יגרמו לאובדן יתר של קווים פעילים ויעכבו את צמיחת התועלת הכלכלית.

2.1.5 אובדן חשמל מהמרה מגנטית

כאשר ציוד חשמל מחובר לרשת פועל, המתח נשאר קבוע, והאובדן במהלך פעולה הוא גם כן קבוע. כמות מסוימת של חשמל נצרכת במהלך החלפת שדה מגנטי, כך שהמרה אלקטרומגנטית בשדות מגנטיים תגרום גם היא לאובדן חשמל.

2.2 אובדן חשמל הנגרם מגורמים ניהוליים

2.2.1 ניהול ארכיון לא הגיוני

בעיות כמו ניהול לא תקני של נתונים בסיסיים, אי-הסכמה בין נתוני תרשים למציאות, אי-עדכון בזמן של נתוני תרשים, והפסד ארכיונים יעשו קשה לפתור ולנהל בעיות אחרי שהם מתרחשות.

2.2.2 טעויות מדידה ברשת החשמל

בעבודה, תופעות כמו קריאת מדד שנשכחה, הקלדה לא נכונה, או הערכה על ידי עובדי מערכת הן חמורות, והניטור על קריאת מדד, אימות, וקבלה אינו מספיק. בנוסף, טעויות מדידה הנגרמות על ידי ממריצים זרם לא תקניים, או ירידת מתח גבוהה מדי בשל חתכים קטנים מדי של קווים שניוניים, כולם יגרמו לאובדן חשמל.

2.2.3 חוסר בשיטות חישוב אובדן חשמל

חוסר בשיטות חישוב אובדן חשמל יוביל לקצב אובדן גבוה מאוד. לאחר שאובדן מתרחש, אין דרך יעילה לנתח ולהבין את הסיבות, ולא מנקטים בפעולות תקינות לשיפור או ניהול לאחר שמגלים את הסיבות, מה שייגרר גם כן עלייה בקצב אובדן הרשת הפצה.

3. אמצעים להפחתת אובדן חשמל

3.1 אמצעים לטיפול בגורמים טכניים

3.1.1 שיפור הגיוני של יעילות ההעברה של הרשת

מבוסס על מציאות, מתמקד בתכנון והפצה של הרשת, קובע צירוף פעולה סביר של ממריצים, מסדר אופנים של פעולה מתאימים וטוענים אופטימליים. מבחינת בטיחות הרשת, בוחר רשתות בטיחותיות, אמינות וכלכליות על בסיס קצב אובדן הרשת. לגבי מתח הפעולה של הרשת, יש להתייחס להשפעה של טעינה מוגדרת, ללא טעינה, וטעינה עודפת על רכיבי הרשת, ולהשיג 균יוון מקסימלי בין 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bilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiabilityiability

אמץ אספקת חשמל בשני מעגלים, התאים את העומס של רשת ההעברה בהתאם. עוצמות זרם (או מתח) לא אחידות במערכת החשמל, או הבדלים בעוצמה שמתחרגים מגבולות המוגדרים, יכולים בקלות להגביר את האובדן המופרז במוליכים פאזה ונייטרליים תוך השפעה על הפעולה הבטוחה של צריכת החשמל. תכנון זמן השימוש בחשמל יכול לשפר את קצב העומס של הרשת ולהפחית אובדן חשמל.

3.1.4 התאמת רשת בצורה סבירה

לפי הסיטואציה הנוכחית, התאם באופן מתאים את פרמטרי הפעלה ואחוזי עומס של הרשת בהתאם לדרישה לחשמל, והביא את הפיזור של הרשת קרוב לפיזור כלכלי, להפחית אובדן כלכלי מופרז ולשפר את הקונפיגורציות הסבירות. זה יכול להפחית באופן יעיל את האובדן של עוצמת החשמל ומתח, ולהגביר משמעותית את יכולת ההעברה של קווי החשמל.

3.2 צעדים להתמודדות עם סיבות ניהוליות

3.2.1 לחזק את החישוב התיאורטי של אובדן חשמל

דרך ניתוח מעשי של תיאוריית אובדן החשמל, ניתן להבין את המרכיבים של אובדן החשמל ואת התנודות באחוזי האובדן. תיאוריית אובדן החשמל היא גם החומר התיאורטי הבסיסי ביותר לניהול אובדן חשמל, הבסיס התיאורטי ליצירת צעדים להפחתת אחוזי האובדן באופן יעיל, ומדד איכות הניהול של אובדן חשמל. יצירת צעדי ניהול טכניים להפחתת אובדן החשמל יכולה לעזור לזהות במהירות בעיות ניהוליות ופיזורים של רשת לא סבירים, לקדם את עבודת ניהול אובדן החשמל.

3.2.2 לחזק את הניהול על ידי המנהיגות

בשל בעיות שונות בעבודה המעשית של העובדים, צריך להקים מערכת אחריות מנהלית. מנהלים של מחלקות שונות צריכים לתאם אישית את ניהול אובדן החשמל במחלקות עסקיות, מתאם, ומדידה, למנוע באופן קפדני ולתקן בזמן בעיות כמות חשמל, לחזק את העבודה של ניתוח בניהול אובדן החשמל, ולחקור שימוש בלתי חוקי בחשמל ושוד. לחזק את ניהול הצוותים בנקודות מדידה כדי למנוע "ספק חשמל מוטה" ומצבים אחרים, להחזיר מידע במהירות ובמדויק למחלקות הרלוונטיות כדי ליישם באופן מהיר צעדי הפחתת אובדן, ולהקים מערכת ניהול מהירה ויעילה.

3.2.3 בניית והנדסה מחדש של פיזור הרשת בצורה סבירה

לפי צפיפות נוכחת, הגדל באופן סביר את חתך המוליכים, משנה קווים מסובכים כדי להפחית את צריכת האנרגיה המופרזת שהם גורמים לה, מרנן קווי חשמל ישנים, משנה בצורה סבירה את לחץ הרשת, מפשט את חיבורי החשמל, רמות מתח, ודרגות תחנות, מפחית את יכולת התחנות, ומונע הפסד חוזר. זה לא רק משפר את יכולת הרשת, אלא גם מגשים תוצאות טובות בהפחתת אובדן.

4. סיכום

כיום, החברה והחיים היומיומיים הם בלתי נפרדים מחשמל. עלויות החשמל של היחידות הצורכות חשמל בסין מפחיתות את הרווחים שלהם. כדי להגדיל עד כמה שניתן את הרווחים של היחידות הללו, יש להימנע ככל האפשר מאובדן חשמל מופרז. מאמר זה דן בעצם ובצעדי מניעה של אובדן חשמל, עוזר ליחידות הצורכות חשמל לזהות את חשיבותם של צעדים אלו. כמויות גדולות של חשמל מועברות דרך קווים ליחידות שונות כדי להבטיח את פעולתם הנורמלית. עבור היחידות הללו, יש אובדן מופרז והפסד בשימוש בחשמל. איכות המעגל עצמה קשורה לצריכת חשמל של הרשת. הפחתת אובדן חשמל, הקטנת אחוזי האובדן, שימוש סביר בחשמל והימנעות מהפסד יכולים להגביר באופן משמעותי את הרווחים של היחידות הצורכות חשמל בסין.