Bîhêna Nîgara Deyistên: Pirûr, Tîpa û Tirsaşên li Sistemanan Deyistan
Voltage Class ya ku çi ye?
Pêşnûna Voltage Class:Voltage classes (an jî voltage levels) li ser nîsteyên bixweber û reyên standart yên di sisteman de ve bikaranîn. Rated voltage ê ji bo nimûneya bi taybetmendiyê dike ku pîlana ji bo karkirina li ser şertên normal hatine ranc kirin; teker dibe ku voltage class li ser rangê voltageya xebitandin da ku sistem an cihazek dikare were kar kirin.
Analogya bi Cihazên Bistî:Cihazên bistî (wate, televîzyon) bi voltageya nominal—herdule 220 V—were kar din, û heta ne dike malperd o werperde yekem bike an heye voltageya zafiy an berbend bike. Sema vê, pîlana sistema yên elektrik hewce ye ku li ser voltageya wekariya xebitandin name bikin da ku performansa reliable bike.
Pîvaniya Classification-a Voltage-Level
Standardization:Voltage classes bexweber çaresernamekirina li ser dizayn, manufacturing, û maintenance pîlana rê. Cihazên ji wan derketmenên din herdule voltage class eke digire dewamê dest pê dest bikin, ewa interchangeability yan hêsan bike û system management simple bike.
Efficiency:Hilbijêra voltage levels saz ê transmission losses minimize bike. Ji bo transfera power yên din, voltageyan ber bi currenta zêde bike, wêne I²R losses li ser conductors ên li vir bike û efficiency overall ji generation derbas de biguhere.
Safety and Reliability:Delineation voltage class clear însan ên requirements insulation û protective measures voltage stress be bike, overloads an short circuits ji voltage mismatch bike û personnel û equipment protect bike.
Facilitating Technological Evolution:Voltage tiers well-defined ên grida guhertina ji bo demand power zêde û technologies emerging (e.g., distributed generation, smart grids) bike. Ew integration renewables, energy storage, û controls advanced support bike while stability û resilience maintain bike.
Voltage Classes Common
Safety Voltage (≤36 V):Di applicationên safety-critical de bikar înin: 24 V ji bo tools power handheld, 12 V ji bo lighting mine, ≤6 V ji bo endoscopes medical. Environments special (e.g., swimming pools) herdule 12 V bikarin; toys children bikarin ≤6 V. Compliance with GB/T 3805-2008 required, including transformers safety isolating, batteries, double insulation, û 72-hour emergency lighting runtime.
Low Voltage (220 V/380 V):Forms three-phase four-wire low-voltage distribution network (220 V phase-to-neutral, 380 V phase-to-phase) with a ±7% tolerance per GB/T 12325. Europe uses 230/400 V; Japan uses 100/200 V. Protection includes 30 mA RCDs, overload/short-circuit breakers (breaking capacity ≥6 kA), û TN-S earthing (insulated PE conductor, earth resistance ≤4 Ω).
Medium Voltage (10 kV–35 kV):10 kV common for urban distribution (cable current capacity ~300 A/km); 35 kV for suburban/industrial feeders. IEEE 1547 limits distributed generation interconnection to ≤35 kV, requiring ±10% voltage regulation for PV plants.
High Voltage (110 kV–220 kV):Economical for bulk power transfer: 110 kV handles 50–100 MW (e.g., with LGJ-240 conductors); 220 kV handles 200–500 MW. Typical 220 kV substation transformers have 180 MVA ratings with 12%–14% short-circuit impedance.
Extra-High & Ultra-High Voltage (≥330 kV):500 kV AC lines carry ~1000 MW naturally; ±800 kV DC lines handle up to 8000 MW (with 6×720 mm² conductors). 1000 kV AC UHV lines incur losses <0.8‰ per km.
Basis for Voltage-Level Determination
National Standards:China’s voltage tiers derive from GB/T 156-2017 (“Standard Voltages”) and GB/T 156-2007, aligned with IEC 60038 but tailored to local 50 Hz AC grid needs.
Transmission Distance:Higher voltages suit longer distances: 0.4 kV for short (<0.6 km) local distribution; 1000 kV AC for ultra-long (800–1500 km) bulk transfer.
Technical Feasibility:Advancing to higher voltages requires addressing insulation, cooling, and material challenges. UHV equipment uses specialized insulators and thermal management for safe, stable operation, with ongoing R&D driving voltage-class expansion.
