Pêşkêşkirina Bistînî ya Daneyên Dijîtal li Sisteman de Pirsgiriyay Elektrik: Tîchnolojî û Vebijarkên Zanîn

Pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk, teşhîs pêşbîndiyê û optimizasyonê ya xebitandina karûbaran ji bo zevîna taybetmendîyên ên sereke yên rêjeyên elektrîk. Herêmîyeta wan direkten dibeke ser stabîlîya û bexweyarîya rêjeyên elektrîk. Bi derin bikaranîna teknolojiyên weha wekî cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), û big data li ser çarçoveya elektrîk, daqiqên berherînê yên informasyonî yên pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk dihaten girtin.

Rêjeyên wan dihat jî bixwazînin pirrûbarên din, an jî tehdîtên persistent advanced (APT), hewlen denial-of-service (DoS), û infeksyonên malware. Arşîva herêmîyê ya tradîsyonel bi strategîyên defensîfên yek demdima hatiye wergerînin, ku çêtir in dihat ku beşdar bêne digerandin rêbazên serpilîn. Pir ast ku bi kar bikerin arşîva defensîfên deep defense û piştgiriyan kapasîtekên herêmîyê ya rêjeyan bi mekanîzmên herêmîyê yek demdima.

1. Cîh û Wanjên Pêşkêşkirina Rastî yên Rêjeyên Elektrîk

Pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk ye wê platforma avtomatîkî yên guherî yên elektrîkî yên guhertî yên bi tenê ji bo pêşkêşkirina rastî, kontrol, û optimizasyonê ya vêstikên xebitandina rêjeyên elektrîk. Sisteman derbas dihet ji merkezê ya pêşkêşkirina, cihedên agahdarî û bistîre, terminalên dahokran, şebekên komunikasyon, û barkîrên barkirinê. Merkeza pêşkêşkirina, bi rolê ya navenda mînang, dihat pikirîn bi pargînên mezin a data yên elektrîk, analîzê ya vêstikên xebitandina, û îmalkirina fermanên kontrol.

Cihedên agahdarî, wekî Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) û Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs), dihaten agahdarî yên navberan wekî geran, voltaj, û feqrans bi sensor û interface yên komunikasyon, û data dihaten bistîrin bi sisteman kontrolî ya sereke. Şebekên komunikasyon bi cerabî re protokolên wekî IEC 61850, DNP3, û Modbus bikar hin dihen lêdana efektiv û bexweyar a bistîre data.

Barkîrên barkirinê dihin wan funkcyonên wekî managementa dispatch, load forecasting, state estimation, û teşhîs pêşbîndiyê, ki bêne destpêkirina optimizasyonê ya xebitandina rêjeyan û warning pêşde çavkerdina şertên neferîn. Pêşkêşkirina rastî yên modern rêjeyên elektrîk bi giran bikaranîna teknolojiyên cloud computing, edge computing, û artificial intelligence (AI) dihaten girtin bêra ku bêne serbest kirina kapasîtekên data processing û efektivîyetê ya decision-making. Sistem dihat pikirîn bi dispatching, kontrol, û analîz a data, û herêmîyeta wê direkten dibeke ser stabîlîya rêjeyan û bexweyarîya enerjîya welati.

2. Sistemê ya Berherînê a Informasyon a Pêşkêşkirina Rastî yên Rêjeyên Elektrîk

2.1 Strategîya Berherînê a Şebeka

Strategîya berherînê a şebeka pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk hewce ye ku bişopînin sistemê ya defensîfên deep system ji demdemên pir, an jî fizîkî isolation, protocol security, traffic monitoring, û active defense, bi sedema ku bêne beşdar digerandin tehdîtên malîk û çalakirina data. Yekem, ji bo arşîva şebeka pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk, strategîya zone network bikar bînin bi sedema ku fizîkî an logicî dihat isolation merkezê ya kontrol, şebeka management, û şebeka office, bi sedema ku bêne kamkirin attack surface, û teknolojîa unidirectional data flow bikar bînin bi sedema ku signalên kontrolî sereke nabe bêne deformed.

Duyem, ji bo berherînê a protocol komunikasyon, teknolojîa encrypted tunnel (wekî TLS 1.3) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne berherîn data transmission security protokollan sereke wekî IEC 61850 û DNP3, û MACsec (IEEE 802.1AE) bike bikar bi sedema ku bêne link-layer encryption, bi sedema ku bêne çalakirina man-in-the-middle attacks û data hijacking. Ji bo traffic monitoring, sistemê ya abnormal traffic detection (AI-IDS) bikar bînin, bi sedema ku bêne algoritma deep learning bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne analîz packet characteristics û detect abnormal behaviors, bi sedema ku bêne improve detection accuracy to over 99%.

Bi hêman, bi DDoS protection system, bi sedema ku bêne rate limiting û automatic failover mechanisms, impact of traffic attacks on power dispatch centers bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne reduce. Finally, bi sedema ku bêne active defense, Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne continuously authenticate û control access for all traffic, bi sedema ku bêne prevent the spread of internal threats, thereby enhancing the network security of power monitoring systems.

2.2 Identity Authentication and Access Control

Sistemê ya identity authentication û access control pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk hewce ye ku bêne ensure the legitimacy of users, devices, û applications, preventing unauthorized access û privilege abuse. On one hand, bi sedema ku bêne identity authentication, mechanism of digital certificate authentication based on Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) bikar bînin, assigning unique identity identifiers to operation û maintenance personnel, SCADA system components, û intelligent terminal devices.

Bi sedema ku bêne two-factor authentication (2FA), one-time passwords (OTP), û biometric identification technologies (such as fingerprint or iris recognition), security of identity verification bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne enhance. In remote access scenarios, FIDO2 protocol bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne support passwordless authentication, reducing the risk of credential theft. On the other hand, bi sedema ku bêne access control, combined mechanism of Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) û Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne ensure that user permissions strictly match their responsibilities, preventing unauthorized access.

For example, substation operation û maintenance personnel can only access specific equipment, while dispatchers are limited to data monitoring û command issuance. To further refine access strategies, dynamic permission adjustment mechanisms bikar bînin, adjusting access permissions in real time based on user behavior patterns û environmental variables (such as geographical location, device type, etc.). An access log auditing system (SIEM) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne record all access requests û combine machine learning techniques to analyze abnormal access behaviors, improving the detection capability of internal security threats, ensuring the secure û stable operation of power monitoring systems.

2.3 Data Security û Encryption Technologies

Data security pêşkêşkirina rastî yên rêjeyên elektrîk involves stages such as data storage, transmission, processing, û backup. High-strength encryption algorithms û access control mechanisms must be adopted to ensure data confidentiality, integrity, û availability.

First, in the data storage phase, AES-256 bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne encrypt sensitive data at rest, û Shamir's Secret Sharing (SSS) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne split û store keys, preventing single-point leakage. Second, in the data transmission process, TLS 1.3 protocol bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne perform end-to-end encryption for communication between SCADA systems û intelligent terminals, û Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne improve encryption efficiency û reduce computational resource consumption.

Finally, to ensure data integrity, hash function SHA-512 bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne generate hash values, û HMAC bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne combine for data verification to prevent tampering attacks. For data storage security, immutable log storage technology based on blockchain bikar bînin, using smart contracts to automatically enforce access control û improve data credibility. In terms of data backup, 3-2-1 strategy bikar bînin: storing at least three copies of data, on two different media, with one copy stored in an off-site disaster recovery center, to enhance data recovery capabilities û ensure that the power system can quickly return to normal operation after suffering an attack.

2.4 Security Monitoring û Intrusion Detection

Security monitoring û intrusion detection key components of the power monitoring system’s defense system, identifying malicious attack behaviors by analyzing network traffic û system logs in real time, improving grid security.

First, at the network level, intrusion detection system (IDS) based on Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) bikar bînin, combined with traffic anomaly analysis models (such as K-Means clustering or LSTM recurrent neural networks), to detect attacks such as DDoS û data poisoning, controlling the false positive rate below 5%.

Second, at the host security monitoring level, Endpoint Detection û Response (EDR) system based on behavior analysis bikar bînin, using User û Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) to analyze user û device behavior patterns, detecting abnormal logins, privilege abuse, û malware implantation. 

Finally, for SCADA systems, industrial protocol anomaly detection technology bikar bînin, using Finite State Machines (FSM) to analyze the legitimacy of commands from protocols such as Modbus û IEC 104, preventing protocol abuse attacks. In terms of log auditing û correlation analysis, Security Information û Event Management (SIEM) system bikar bînin to aggregate log data û perform real-time analysis through the ELK architecture, improving security visualization capabilities.

2.5 Emergency Response û Security Incident Management

Emergency response û security incident management for power monitoring systems need to cover threat identification, incident handling, traceability analysis, û recovery mechanisms to mitigate the impact of security incidents on power system operations. First, in the threat identification phase, based on a SOAR platform, alarm events should be automatically analyzed, û attack types evaluated by combining threat intelligence, improving the accuracy of event classification.

Second, in the incident handling phase, tiered response mechanism bikar bînin, classifying security incidents into levels I to IV, û corresponding measures taken according to the incident level, such as isolating infected terminals, blocking malicious IP addresses, or switching to a backup control center. For advanced persistent threats (APT), active defense strategy based on threat hunting bikar bînin, using YARA rules to detect hidden backdoors û improve attack detection rates. Finally, in the traceability analysis phase, through event retrospection û forensic analysis, combined with the Cyber Kill Chain attack graph, the attack path should be reconstructed, identifying the attacker’s tactics, techniques, û procedures (TTPs), providing a basis for subsequent security reinforcement.

3. Application of Key Information Security Technologies

3.1Blockchain-Based Power Data Traceability Solution

Blockchain technology, with its characteristics of decentralization, immutability, û traceability, provides a highly credible data traceability solution for power monitoring systems. In power data management, data integrity û credibility are key issues. Traditional centralized databases have risks of single-point failure û tampering. Blockchain uses distributed ledger technology to ensure the security of data storage.

First, at the data storage layer, hash chains bikar bînin bi sedema ku bêne encrypt û store power monitoring data, with each piece of data generating a unique hash value linked to the previous block, ensuring data temporal consistency û immutability. Second, at the data sharing layer, consortium chain architecture bikar bînin, setting grid dispatch centers, substations, û regulatory agencies as consortium nodes, verifying data authenticity through Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus mechanisms, ensuring that data can only be modified by authorized nodes, enhancing data security.

Finally, in terms of data access control, permission management mechanism based on smart contracts bikar bînin, defining access rules to ensure that user access permissions are constrained by policies, avoiding unauthorized data calls. For example, by deploying smart contracts through the Hyperledger Fabric framework, operation û maintenance personnel are restricted to querying equipment operating status, while regulatory agencies can access complete historical data, ensuring data privacy û compliance.

3.2 Information Security Protection for Power Systems in 5G û Edge Computing Environments

The integrated application of 5G û edge computing in power monitoring systems enhances data processing efficiency û real-time response capabilities but also introduces new information security challenges. First, in terms of communication security, since 5G networks use network slicing architecture, independent security policies need to be configured for different service traffic to prevent cross-slice attacks.

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) technology bikar bînin, combined with the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA), to ensure that power dispatch data is not tampered with û stolen during transmission. Second, in terms of edge computing security, Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) bikar bînin, such as Intel SGX or ARM TrustZone, to securely isolate edge nodes û prevent malicious code from intruding into critical control logic.

Decentralized identity authentication (DID) mechanism bikar bînin, managing edge device access permissions through decentralized identifiers (Decentralized Identifier) to reduce credential leakage risks. Finally, for the issue of edge computing nodes being vulnerable to physical attacks, Hardware Root of Trust (RoT) technology bikar bînin to perform remote integrity verification of device firmware, ensuring that devices have not been maliciously tampered with.

4. Conclusion

Information security technologies in power monitoring systems play an important role in ensuring stable grid operation û preventing cyberattacks. By constructing a multi-layered security protection system û adopting key technologies such as blockchain, 5G, edge computing, û encryption algorithms, data security, network defense capabilities, û access control accuracy can be effectively improved.

Combined with intelligent monitoring û emergency response mechanisms, real-time threat detection û rapid handling can be achieved, reducing security risks. With the development of grid digitization û intelligence, information security technologies will continue to evolve to address increasingly complex cyberattack methods, ensuring that power monitoring systems operate safely, stably, û efficiently over the long term.