Calculates the minimum short-circuit current at the end of a low-voltage circuit, used to verify protective device sensitivity. Supports: Single-phase, two-phase, three-phase systems Copper/Aluminum conductors mm²/AWG units m/ft/yd length units Parallel conductors Key Formula I_sc,min = U / (√3 × (R_L + X_L)) Where: U: System voltage R_L: Line resistance X_L: Line reactance Example Current type: Three-phase Voltage: 400 V Length: 50 m Conductor: Copper, 16 mm² → Minimum short-circuit current ≈ 8.5 kA

Calculate the operating current of electrical equipment based on active power, voltage, efficiency, and power factor. Supports: Single-phase and three-phase systems Standard voltages (400V/230V, 690V/400V, etc.) Custom voltage input Adjustable efficiency and power factor Coincidence factor Key Formula I = P / (√3 × V × η × cosφ) Where: P: Active power (kW) V: Line voltage (V) η: Efficiency cosφ: Power factor Example Three-phase system, 400V, 10kW, η=0.9, PF=0.85 → Operating current ≈ 19.5 A

Calculate voltage in DC and AC circuits using key electrical parameters. "Difference in electric potential between two points." Key Parameters Current Type Direct Current (DC) : Current flows constantly from positive to negative pole. Used in batteries, solar panels, and electronics. Alternating Current (AC) : Current reverses direction and amplitude over time at a constant frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Used in power grids and homes. System Types: Single-phase : One phase conductor and one neutral. Two-phase : Two phase conductors (rare). Three-phase : Three phase conductors; four-wire includes neutral. Current (I) Flow of electric charge through a material, measured in amperes (A). In AC circuits, current may have a phase shift relative to voltage. Active Power (P) Real power that is actually consumed by a load, measured in watts (W). Formula: P = V × I × cosφ Example: A heater converts active power into heat. Reactive Power (Q) Power that alternately flows in reactance without being transformed into other forms of energy, measured in VAR. Formula: Q = V × I × sinφ Apparent Power (S) Total power flowing in the circuit, combining active and reactive components, measured in VA. Formula: S = V × I Relationship: S² = P² + Q² Power Factor (PF) Ratio of active power to apparent power: PF = cosφ, where φ is the phase angle between voltage and current. Resistance (R) Tendency of a body to oppose the passage of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω). Applies to DC circuits and AC resistive loads. Ohm’s Law: V = I × R Impedance (Z) Opposition of a circuit to alternating current, measured in ohms (Ω). Includes resistance and reactance: Z = √(R² + X²) In AC circuits: V = I × Z Key Formulas (Pure HTML) V = I × R V = P / I V = √(P × R) V = I × Z Application Scenarios Designing power supplies and converters Troubleshooting voltage drops in wiring Calculating transformer ratings Improving power factor in industrial plants Analyzing efficiency of electrical systems Educational tools for physics and engineering students

Calculate voltage drop in DC and AC circuits using key electrical parameters. "Voltage drop is the decrease of electrical potential along the path of a current flowing in an electrical circuit. According to Annex G – IEC 60364–5–52." Key Parameters Current Type Direct Current (DC) : Current flows constantly from positive to negative pole. Used in batteries, solar panels, and electronics. Alternating Current (AC) : Current reverses direction and amplitude over time at a constant frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz). Used in power grids and homes. System Types: Single-phase : One phase conductor and one neutral. Two-phase : Two phase conductors (rare). Three-phase : Three phase conductors; four-wire includes neutral. Unipolar : One conductor. Bipolar : Two conductors. Tripolar : Three conductors. Quadrupolar : Four conductors. Pentapolar : Five conductors. Multipolar : Two or more conductors. Operating Temperature Permissible operating temperature depending on the conductor insulation material. IEC/CEI: 70°C (158°F): PVC insulation, PVC-coated mineral insulation, or accessible bare mineral insulation. 90°C (194°F): XLPE, EPR, or HEPR insulation. 105°C (221°F): Bare and non-accessible mineral insulation. NEC: 60°C (140°F): Types TW, UF 75°C (167°F): RHW, THHW, THW, THWN, XHHW, USE, ZW 90°C (194°F): TBS, SA, SIS, FEP, FEPB, MI, RHH, RHW-2, THHN, THHW, THW-2, THWN-2, USE-2, XHH, XHHW, XHHW-2, ZW-2 Phase Conductors in Parallel Conductors of the same cross-sectional area, length, and material can be connected in parallel. The maximum permissible current is the sum of the individual-core maximum currents. Line Length Distance between supply point and load (one way), measured in meters or feet. Longer lines result in higher voltage drop. Conductor Material used for the conductor. Common materials include copper (lower resistance) and aluminum (lighter, cheaper). Cable Type Defines the number of conductors in the cable: Unipolar : One conductor Bipolar : Two conductors Tripolar : Three conductors Quadrupolar : Four conductors Pentapolar : Five conductors Multipolar : Two or more conductors Voltage Difference in electric potential between two points. Enter Phase-Neutral voltage for single-phase systems (e.g., 120V). Enter Phase-Phase voltage for two-phase or three-phase systems (e.g., 208V, 480V). Load Power to be considered for determining circuit characteristics, measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). Includes all connected devices. Power Factor (PF) Ratio of active power to apparent power: cosφ, where φ is the phase angle between voltage and current. Value ranges from 0 to 1. Ideal = 1 (purely resistive load). Wire Size Cross-sectional area of the conductor, measured in mm² or AWG. Larger size → lower resistance → less voltage drop. Key Formulas (Pure HTML) VD = I × R × L VD (%) = (VD / V) × 100 R = ρ × L / A Application Scenarios Designing electrical installations in buildings Sizing wires for long-distance power transmission Troubleshooting dim lights or motor issues Compliance with IEC 60364 and NEC standards Industrial plant planning Renewable energy systems (solar, wind)

This tool calculates the DC resistance of a conductor (in ohms) based on its size, material, length, and temperature. It supports copper or aluminum wires with input in either mm² or AWG, and includes automatic temperature correction. Input Parameters Wire Size: Choose cross-sectional area in square millimeters (mm²) or American Wire Gauge (AWG); automatically converted to standard values Conductors in Parallel: Multiple identical conductors can be connected in parallel; total resistance is divided by the number of conductors Length: Enter actual cable length in meters (m), feet (ft), or yards (yd) Temperature: Affects resistivity; input in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F), auto-convertible Conductor Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al), each with distinct resistivity and temperature coefficient Cable Type: Unipolar (single conductor) or Multicore (multiple conductors in one sheath), influencing structural assumptions Output Results DC Resistance (Ω) Resistance per unit length (Ω/km or Ω/mile) Temperature-corrected resistance value Reference Standards: IEC 60228, NEC Table 8 Ideal for electrical engineers, installers, and students to quickly assess voltage drop and power loss in wiring systems.

This tool calculates the maximum short-circuit current (kA) at the end of a low-voltage circuit, which is essential for selecting protective devices, coordinating protection schemes, and assessing arc flash hazards. Applications Circuit breaker selection : Ensure breaking capacity ≥ end-of-line short-circuit current Protection coordination : Prevent nuisance tripping between upstream and downstream devices Arc flash risk assessment : Determine if arc-resistant equipment is required Conductor thermal stability : Verify cables can withstand short-circuit heating Calculation Principles The maximum short-circuit current depends on: Available short-circuit current at source (kA) System voltage (V) Line length (m/ft/yd) Conductor material (Copper/Aluminum) Conductor cross-section (mm² or AWG) Cable type (Unipolar/Multicore) Type of fault (3-phase, phase-to-phase, phase-to-earth) Longer lines, smaller cross-sections, or higher resistivity materials result in lower short-circuit currents at the load end. Typical Input Values Source short-circuit current: 10 kA System voltage: 220 V / 400 V Conductor: Copper, 1.5 mm² Line length: 10 meters Fault type: Phase-to-earth

This tool calculates the maximum cable length that can be used without exceeding the allowable voltage drop and without degrading insulation, based on IEC and NEC standards. It supports DC, single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems, including parallel conductors and various temperature ratings. Input Parameters Current Type: Direct Current (DC), Single-phase AC, Two-phase, or Three-phase (3-wire/4-wire) Voltage (V): Enter phase-to-neutral voltage for single-phase, or phase-to-phase for polyphase Load Power (kW or VA): Rated power of the connected equipment Power Factor (cos φ): Ratio of active to apparent power, between 0 and 1 (default: 0.8) Wire Size (mm²): Cross-sectional area of the conductor Parallel Phase Conductors: Conductors with same size, length, and material can be used in parallel; total permissible current is sum of individual core ratings Voltage Drop (% or V): Maximum allowable voltage drop (e.g., 3% for lighting, 5% for motors) Conductor Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al), affecting resistivity Cable Type: Unipolar: 1 conductor Bipolar: 2 conductors Tripolar: 3 conductors Quadrupolar: 4 conductors Pentapolar: 5 conductors Multipolar: 2 or more conductors Operating Temperature (°C): Based on insulation type: IEC/CEI: 70°C (PVC), 90°C (XLPE/EPR), 105°C (Mineral Insulation) NEC: 60°C (TW, UF), 75°C (RHW, THHN, etc.), 90°C (TBS, XHHW, etc.) Output Results Maximum allowable cable length (meters) Actual voltage drop (% and V) Conductor resistance (Ω/km) Total circuit resistance (Ω) Reference Standards: IEC 60364, NEC Article 215 Designed for electrical engineers and installers to plan wiring layouts and ensure acceptable voltage levels at the load end.

This tool calculates power losses (I²R losses) in cables due to conductor resistance during current flow, based on IEC and NEC standards. It supports DC, single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems, including parallel conductors and various insulation types. Input Parameters Current Type: Direct Current (DC), Single-phase AC, Two-phase, or Three-phase (3-wire/4-wire) Voltage (V): Enter phase-to-neutral voltage for single-phase, or phase-to-phase for polyphase Load Power (kW or VA): Rated power of the connected equipment Power Factor (cos φ): Ratio of active to apparent power, between 0 and 1 (default: 0.8) Wire Size (mm²): Cross-sectional area of the conductor Conductor Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al), affecting resistivity Parallel Phase Conductors: Conductors with same size, length, and material can be used in parallel; total permissible current is sum of individual core ratings Length (meters): One-way distance from supply to load Operating Temperature (°C): Based on insulation type: IEC/CEI: 70°C (PVC), 90°C (XLPE/EPR), 105°C (Mineral Insulation) NEC: 60°C (TW, UF), 75°C (RHW, THHN, etc.), 90°C (TBS, XHHW, etc.) Output Results Conductor Resistance (Ω/km) Total Circuit Resistance (Ω) Power Loss (W or kW) Energy Loss (kWh/year, optional) Voltage Drop (% and V) Temperature correction for resistance Reference Standards: IEC 60364, NEC Article 310 Designed for electrical engineers and installers to evaluate circuit efficiency, energy consumption, and thermal performance.

This tool calculates the maximum admissible let-through energy (I²t) that a cable can withstand under short-circuit conditions, based on IEC 60364-4-43 and IEC 60364-5-54 standards. It ensures that protective devices (e.g., circuit breakers or fuses) interrupt fault currents before the conductor overheats and damages insulation. Input Parameters Conductor Type: Phase conductor, single-core protective conductor (PE), or multi-core cable's protective conductor (PE) Wire Size (mm²): Cross-sectional area of the conductor, affecting thermal capacity Conductor Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al), influencing resistivity and heat generation Insulation Type: Thermoplastic (PVC) Thermosetting (XLPE or EPR) Mineral thermoplastic (PVC) covered Mineral bare sheath or bare conductor (not exposed to touch, restricted area) Mineral bare sheath or bare conductor (exposed to touch, normal conditions) Mineral bare sheath or bare conductor (fire risk environment) Mineral with metallic sheath used as protective conductor Output Results Admissible let-through energy (kA²s) — maximum tolerable I²t value Reference standard clauses: IEC 60364-4-43 and IEC 60364-5-54 Compliance check: whether the calculated I²t is less than the protection device’s I²t characteristic Designed for electrical designers and installers to verify short-circuit thermal stability of cables and ensure safe operation during faults.

This tool calculates the maximum continuous current-carrying capacity of insulated conductors with nominal voltage not exceeding 1 kV a.c. or 1.5 kV d.c., based on Tables B.52.2 to B.52.13 of IEC 60364-5-52. It ensures that conductor temperature does not exceed the insulation's thermal limit during normal operation. Input Parameters Method of Installation: According to IEC 60364-5-52 (Table A.52.3), such as open air, in conduit, buried, etc. Note: Not all methods are recognized in every country's regulations. Conductor Material: Copper (Cu) or Aluminum (Al), affecting resistivity and thermal performance Insulation Type: Thermoplastic (PVC): Conductor temperature limit 70°C Thermosetting (XLPE or EPR): Conductor temperature limit 90°C Wire Size (mm²): Cross-sectional area of the conductor Ambient Temperature: Temperature of surrounding medium when unloaded: Air temperature correction factor: IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.14 Ground temperature correction factor: IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.15 Soil thermal resistivity correction: IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.16 Number of Loaded Conductors: Actual number of current-carrying conductors: Direct current: 2 Single-phase: 2 Two-phase without neutral: 2 Two-phase with neutral: 3 Three-phase without neutral: 3 Three-phase with neutral (balanced load, no harmonics): 3 Three-phase with neutral (unbalanced load or with harmonics): 4 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Total 3n harmonic current content. If unknown, use total harmonic distortion value for estimation Phase Conductors in Parallel: Identical conductors can be connected in parallel; maximum permissible current is the sum of individual core ratings Circuits in the Same Conduit: Number of circuits inside one duct powering different loads (e.g., 2 lines for 2 motors). Reduction factors from IEC 60364-5-52 Table B.52.17 apply. Derating Factor for Parallel Cables (if present): Applies when multiple sets of cables are installed in a single duct. Each set includes: one conductor per phase + single neutral (if required) + single protective conductor. Output Results Maximum continuous current (A) Corrected value for ambient temperature Reduction factor for multiple circuits Harmonic derating factor Reference Standards: IEC 60364-5-52, Tables B.52.2–B.52.13 Designed for electrical engineers and designers to select appropriate insulated cables for low-voltage power distribution systems, ensuring safe and compliant operation.