Padulaan ang pagbaba sa voltage sa DC ug AC circuits gamit ang key electrical parameters.
"Ang pagbaba sa voltage mao ang pagkamalub-on sa electrical potential sulod sa ruta sa current nga naghahatag sa electrical circuit. Sumala sa Annex G – IEC 60364–5–52."
Direct Current (DC): Ang current nagdagan kaniadtaran gikan sa positive tungod sa negative pole. Ginagamit sa mga bateria, solar panels, ug electronics.
Alternating Current (AC): Ang current magbaliktad sa direksyon ug amplitude pinaagi sa panahon sa constant frequency (e.g., 50 Hz o 60 Hz). Ginagamit sa power grids ug homes.
Klase sa System:
Single-phase: Usa ka phase conductor ug usa ka neutral.
Two-phase: Duha ka phase conductors (rare).
Three-phase: Tulo ka phase conductors; four-wire adunay neutral.
Unipolar: Usa ka conductor.
Bipolar: Duha ka conductors.
Tripolar: Tulo ka conductors.
Quadrupolar: Upat ka conductors.
Pentapolar: Limang conductors.
Multipolar: Duha o mas daghan pang conductors.
Permissible operating temperature depende sa material sa insulation sa conductor.
IEC/CEI:
70°C (158°F): PVC insulation, PVC-coated mineral insulation, o accessible bare mineral insulation.
90°C (194°F): XLPE, EPR, o HEPR insulation.
105°C (221°F): Bare ug non-accessible mineral insulation.
NEC:
60°C (140°F): Types TW, UF
75°C (167°F): RHW, THHW, THW, THWN, XHHW, USE, ZW
90°C (194°F): TBS, SA, SIS, FEP, FEPB, MI, RHH, RHW-2, THHN, THHW, THW-2, THWN-2, USE-2, XHH, XHHW, XHHW-2, ZW-2
Ang mga conductors sa parehas nga cross-sectional area, length, ug material mahimong i-connect in parallel. Ang maximum permissible current mao ang sum sa individual-core maximum currents.
Distance tali sa supply point ug load (one way), imbusa sa meters o feet. Mas matuyog na lines resulta sa mas mataas nga pagbaba sa voltage.
Material gamiton sa conductor. Common materials kinahanglan copper (lower resistance) ug aluminum (lighter, cheaper).
Defines the number of conductors in the cable:
Unipolar: Usa ka conductor
Bipolar: Duha ka conductors
Tripolar: Tulo ka conductors
Quadrupolar: Upat ka conductors
Pentapolar: Limang conductors
Multipolar: Duha o mas daghan pang conductors
Difference in electric potential between two points.
Enter Phase-Neutral voltage for single-phase systems (e.g., 120V).
Enter Phase-Phase voltage for two-phase or three-phase systems (e.g., 208V, 480V).
Power to be considered for determining circuit characteristics, measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW). Includes all connected devices.
Ratio of active power to apparent power: cosφ, where φ is the phase angle between voltage and current.
Value ranges from 0 to 1. Ideal = 1 (purely resistive load).
Cross-sectional area of the conductor, measured in mm² or AWG.
Larger size → lower resistance → less voltage drop.
VD = I × R × L
VD (%) = (VD / V) × 100
R = ρ × L / A
Designing electrical installations in buildings
Sizing wires for long-distance power transmission
Troubleshooting dim lights or motor issues
Compliance with IEC 60364 and NEC standards
Industrial plant planning
Renewable energy systems (solar, wind)